However, Arrian's work may have been entirely hypothetical, because there is no historical record of a battle between Romans and Alans that year.

This is somewhat the equivalent of a modern historian trying to write in the English of Shakespeare ( although it is unheard of for a modern academic to write in Elizabethan English, whereas harking back to the language of the Classical past was rather common practice amongst Arrian's contemporaries ).

The scholarly consensus is that Arrian's work is to a considerable extent a reworking of Ptolemy ; albeit with material from other writers, particularly Aristobulus, brought in where Arrian thought them useful.

His celebrated voyage from India to Susa after Alexander's expedition in India is preserved in Arrian's account, the Indica.

The name is a variant of Calchedon (), found on all the coins of Chalcedon as well as in manuscripts of Herodotus's Histories, Xenophon's Hellenica, Arrian's Anabasis, and other works.

This is clear from Arrian's comment about Alexander's grief:

In Arrian's Indica, Megasthenes is quoted as stating that the Indians counted from " Dionysos " ( Shiva ) to " Sandracottus " ( Chandragupta Maurya ) " a hundred and fifty-three kings over six thousand and forty-three years.

Arrian's phrase tous kouphotatous te kai ama euoplotatous ) has frequently been rendered as ' lightest armed ' although Brunt concedes it is more properly translated as ' nimblest ' or ' most agile '.

In Arrian's " History of Expedition of Alexander the Great & conquest of Persia " Translated by Mr. Rooke, The River Kabul is referred to as Cophen.

He was not striped in the Helian nor Arrian's lists of tacticians, but in the earliest manuscript of the Tactics ( Téchne taktiké ), the work is attributed to Asclepiodotus.

German historian Conrad Cichorius notes that, even though Dacians carry the draco, it was called the Scythian draco in Arrian's Tactica written around 136 AD.

The principal works that Holstenius actually published are notes on Cluvier's Italia antiqua ( 1624 ); an edition of portions of Porphyry ( 1630 ), with a dissertation on his life and writings ; notes on Eusebius Against Hierocles ( 1628 ), on the Sayings of the later Pythagoreans ( 1638 ), and the De diis et mundo of the neo-Platonist Sallustius ( 1638 ); an edition of Arrian's treatise on the Chase ( 1644 ), and the Codex regularum monasticarum, a collection of monastic rules ( 1661 ).

With its similar title and prominent mention of Arrian in the preface, it may have been intended as a sequel to Arrian's " The Campaigns of Alexander ," or simply to fill in the gaps in his account.

B. Bosworth, an expert on Greek history, criticized what he viewed as Arrian's hagiography in ' Errors in Arrian ' ( 1976 )

At the time of Arrian's daily life, the koine, or " common Greek " of the Hellenistic and Roman periods was in universal spoken use.

In Arrian's case this meant following the Attic style of Xenophon and Thucydides.

Today more interest focuses on Alexander as a man and as a political leader, and here Arrian's sources are less clear and his reliability more questionable.

More than 1800 years later, Mary Renault, an admirer of both Alexander and Arrian, wrote an acclaimed biography of Alexander, " The Nature of Alexander ," drawing heavily on Arrian's work, as well as the few other sources which are still extant.

Nevertheless, Arrian's work gives a reasonably full account of Alexander's life during the campaign, and in his personal assessment of Alexander he steers a judicious course between flattery and condemnation.

Arrian's other works preserve the philosophy of Epictetus in Discourses of Epictetus ( c. 108 AD ), and include the Indica a description of Nearchus ' voyage from India following Alexander's conquest, and other short works.

* Photius ' excerpt of Arrian's Anabasis, translated by J. S.

* Photius ' excerpt of Arrian's Bithynica, translated by J. S.

* Photius ' excerpt of Arrian's Parthica, translated by J. S.

* Photius ' excerpt of Arrian's Events after Alexander, translated by J. S.

For instance, according to Arrian's Anabasis of Alexander, at the Granicus Parmenion suggested delay before the attack, as the army had already marched all day as well as for other political and geographical issues.

In Arrian's account, Tiridates maintained himself for a short time in Parthia, during the dissolution of the Seleucid empire by the attacks of Ptolemy III in 246 BC and the following years.

The coins, which begin in the fourth century BC, bear the name Apollonia and the image of Apollo ; the imperial coins, which continue to the first half of the third century AD, and the Tabula Peutinger also contain the name Apollonia ; but the " Periplus Ponti Euxini ", 85, and the Notitiæ episcopatuum have only the new name Sozopolis.

He also wrote a short account of a tour of inspection of the Black Sea coast in the traditional ' periplus ' form ( in Greek ) addressed to the Emperor Hadrian, the Periplus Ponti Euxini or " Circumnavigation of the Black Sea ".

* Pontic Athens, a city mentioned in the 2nd century Periplus Ponti Euxini which may have been a colony of the Greek city

In the 10th-century manuscript, the text is attributed to Arrian, probably for no deeper reason than that the manuscript was adjacent to the Periplus Ponti Euxini written by him.

* The Periplus Ponti Euxini, a description of trade routes along the coasts of the Black Sea, written by Arrian in the early 2nd century CE.

In Greek legend, the city was first called Thoana because Thoas, a Thracian king, was its founder ( Arrian, Periplus Ponti Euxini, vi ); it was in Cappadocia, at the foot of the Taurus Mountains and near the Cilician Gates ( Strabo, XII, 537 ; XIII, 587 ).

Even whom should be considered the earliest known king is contested: although C. Conti Rossini proposed that Zoskales of Axum, mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, should be identified with one Za Haqle mentioned in the Ethiopian King Lists ( a view embraced by later historians of Ethiopia such as Yuri M. Kobishchanov and Sergew Hable Sellasie ), G. W. B.

The first historical mention of the region is from the Massaliote Periplus, a sailing manual for merchants thought to date to the 6th century BCE, and Pytheas of Massilia wrote of his exploratory voyage to the island around 325 BC.

The region lay at the southernmost end of a traditional trading world that encompassed the Red Sea, the Hadhramaut coast of Arabia and the Indian coast, described in the 1st-century coasting guide that is called the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

The Massaliote Periplus is a more extensive fragment preserved in paraphrase in the Ora Maritima, a poem of the 4th century AD written by the Roman, Avienus.

A Greco-Roman text between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, mentioned the island of Menuthias, which is probably Unguja or Pemba.

Ghee is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as a typical trade article around the first century CE Arabian Sea, and Roman geographer Strabo describes it as a commodity of Arabia and Sudan.

The other book, on Asia, is arranged similarly to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea of which a version of the 1st century AD survives.

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea or Periplus of the Red Sea (, ) is a Greco-Roman periplus, written in Greek, describing navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice along the coast of the Red Sea, and others along Northeast Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

Opone is in the thirteenth entry of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, which in part states:

The ancient port city of Malao, situated in present-day Berbera in northwestern Somalia, is also mentioned in the Periplus:

Aksum is mentioned in the Periplus as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world:

The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes the trading empire of Himyar and Saba, regrouped under a single ruler Charibael ( Karab Il Watar Yuhan ' em II ), who is said to have been on friendly terms with Rome:

Charibaêl is stated in the Periplus to be “ a friend of the ( Roman ) emperors, thanks to continuous embassies and gifts ” and, therefore, Azania could fairly be described as a vassal or dependency of Rome, just as Zesan is described in the 3rd century Chinese history, the Weilüe.

Trade with the Indian harbour of Barygaza is described extensively in the Periplus.

The Greek city of Alexandria Bucephalous on the Jhelum River is mentioned in the Periplus, as well as in the Roman Peutinger Table:

He is today remembered for two substantial monographs, which both included many facsimiles, on early printed atlases and geographical mapping and medieval marine charts, respectively the Facsimile-Atlas to the Early History of Cartography ( 1889 ) and Periplus ( 1897 ).

Periplus is the Latinization of an ancient Greek word, περίπλους ( periplous, contracted from periploos ), literally " a sailing-around.

* The Periplus of Scymnus of Chios is dated to around 110 BCE.

An experienced performer and teacher of gamelan, Tenzer is the author of two books on the subject: Balinese Music ( Periplus: 1991 ; 2nd ed.

Meroe is mentioned succinctly in the 1st century AD Periplus of the Erythraean Sea:

The site is thought to be on the sothern boundary of a native Illyrian settlement, being mentioned in Periplus, a sailor's account of the Adriatic written in the middle of the 4th century BC by a Greek writer.

It is suggested that Chembur is the same place referred to as Saimur by the Arab writers ( 915 – 1137 ), Sibor in Kosmas Indikopleustes ( 535 ), Chemula in the Kanheri cave inscriptions ( 300 – 500 ), Symulla by the author of the Periplus of the Erythraean sea ( 247 ), Symulla or Timulla by Ptolemy ( 150 ), and perhaps even Perimula by Pliny ( A. D. 77 ).