soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT ; energy blockade, the result of conflict with Azerbaijan, has led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood ; pollution of Hrazdan ( Razdan ) and Araks Rivers ; the draining of Sevana Lich ( Lake Sevan ), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies ; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant without adequate ( IAEA-recommended ) safety and backup systems

The current conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh ( NK ) began in 1988 when Armenian demonstrations against Azerbaijani rule broke out in both Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh Supreme Soviet voted to secede from Azerbaijan and join Armenia.

One instance occurred in February 1988, when the government in Nagorno-Karabakh, a predominantly ethnic Armenian region in the Azerbaijan SSR, passed a resolution calling for unification with the Armenian SSR.

Ever since, football reporters and commentators on England games have called in jest for a " Russian linesman " ( although actually Bakhramov was from Azerbaijan ) whenever there has been a contentious decision to make, especially when that decision has not gone England's way.

In 1919, when he was twenty years old, Beria started his career in state security, when he was hired by the security service of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic while still a student at the Polytechnicum.

The small Garmon accordion played in the Music of Azerbaijan sometimes has keys that can play microtones when a " shift " key is pressed.

: Albania, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada ( French-speaking ), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia ( comma used officially, but both forms are in use elsewhere ), Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, Faroes, Finland, France, Germany, Georgia, Greece, Greenland, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kirgistan, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg ( uses both marks officially ), Macau ( in Portuguese text ), Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa ( officially ), Spain, Sweden, Switzerland ( when the amount is not in Swiss francs ), Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam.

He attended the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final and claims ( with a little jest ) to have been influential in persuading the man known vernacularly as " the Russian linesman " Tofik Bakhramov ( who was actually from Azerbaijan ), to award a goal to Geoff Hurst when the England striker had seen his shot hit the crossbar of opponents West Germany, leaving doubt as to whether the ball had crossed the line.

In the early 1990s, when the dispute with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh erupted into the Nagorno-Karabakh war, the term was used by Armenians to describe Armenian irregular units operating in the region.

In the 2000 – 01 season Barry became the first League of Wales team to win a European Champions League tie, when they defeated the Azerbaijan champions FC Shamkir both home and away.

This was fulfilled when Nariman Narimanov, leader of Bolshevik Azerbaijan issued a declaration celebrating the " victory of Soviet power in Armenia ," proclaimed that both Nakhchivan and Zangezur should be awarded to the Armenian people as a sign of the Azerbaijani people's support for Armenia's fight against the former DRA government:

Undermined by increasing internal tensions and the pressure from the German and Ottoman empires, the Federation collapsed on May 26, 1918 when Georgia declared independence followed by Armenia and Azerbaijan within the next two days.

While the Head of the Congress of Azeri-Turkic Women Tanzila Rustamkhanli, who is known for her nationalist views and writer Aysel Alizadeh justified the pardon, the noted journalist Khadija Ismayilova, Radio Liberty's lead correspondent in Azerbaijan, commented that what Safarov had done was " awful " and the reaction of seeing him as a hero " happens when society is not allowed to do anything.

In Finland's first match of 2007, they were in poor form when they lost against Azerbaijan 1 – 0, one of the worst matches in Finnish footballing history.

At the end of the group table the defeat to Azerbaijan made little difference, as it would have meant Finland losing out on away goals between them and Portugal when the teams met if they did win against Azerbaijan twice.

The most successful years were end of 1990s and the begging of 2000s ( decade ) when FK Shamkir with Agaselim Mirjavadov consecutively won three Azerbaijan Premier League titles and three times was silver medalists of Azerbaijan Cup.

* " In Turkestan and Azerbaijan monuments to Marx stand opposite the mosques, and the Mullah in Persia mingles quotations from Marx with passages from the Koran when he calls the people to the Holy War against European Imperialism.

The scholars in Azerbaijan point out that the Karabakh khanate, where the treaty was signed, had pursued independent foreign policy as early as 1795, when " Ibrahim Khalil Khan, the wali of Qarabagh, fearing for his independence, warned Sultan Selim III of Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar's ambitions to subdue Azerbaijan and later Qarabagh, Erivan and Georgia.

He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan under Aliyev, and later under his son, Ilham from October 1999 until April 2004 when he was replaced by the incumbent Elmar Mammadyarov.

The expedition to Kerman was sent roughly at the same time when the expeditions to Sistan and Azerbaijan were sent.

* modified on the flag of Azerbaijan

The Bachelor of Arts degree is usually attained in four years in Lebanon, Armenia, Greece, Bangladesh, Azerbaijan, Brazil and the rest of Latin America, Canada, Egypt, Iran, Japan, Nigeria, Serbia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, the Russian Federation, Scotland, South Korea, Iraq, Tunisia, Kuwait, Turkey, and the United States .< ref >

After independence, Azerbaijan decided to switch to the Latin script.

Albania ( Latin:, Greek:, in Old Armenian: Աղուանք Ałuankʿ ( Aguank ), Parthian: Ardhan, Middle Persian: Arran ; usually referred to as Caucasian Albania for disambiguation with the modern state of Albania ; the native name for the country is unknown ) is a name for the historical region of the eastern Caucasus, that existed on the territory of present-day republic of Azerbaijan ( where both of its capitals were located ) and partially southern Dagestan.

The Aras ( also known as Araks, Arax, Araxi, Araxes, Araz, or Yeraskh ; ( Araqs or Erasx ),, ( Aras ),, ; ; Latin: Aboras ), is a river located in and along the countries of Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran.

In the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijani alphabet refers to a Latin alphabet used for writing the Azerbaijani language.

When the Soviet Union collapsed and Azerbaijan gained its independence, one of the first laws passed in the new Parliament was the adoption of the new Latin alphabet.

Although use of Ä ä ( also used in Tatar, Turkmen, and Gagauz ) seems to be a simpler alternative as the schwa is absent in most character sets, particularly Turkish encoding, it was reintroduced ; the schwa had existed continuously from 1929 to 1991 to represent Azeri's most-common vowel, in both post-Arabic alphabets ( Latin and Cyrillic ) of Azerbaijan.

* Although Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan have switched to the Latin alphabet, their new alphabets are not as compatible with the Turkish alphabet as Turkey hoped.

Arran (; ), also known as Aran, Ardhan ( in Parthian ), Al-Ran ( in Arabic ), Aghvank and Alvank ( in Armenian ), (- Ran-i ) or Caucasian Albania ( in Latin ), was a geographical name used in ancient and medieval times to signify the territory which lies within the triangle of land, lowland in the east and mountainous in the west, formed by the junction of Kura and Aras rivers, including the highland and lowland Karabakh ( Artsakh ), Mil plain and parts of the Mughan plain, and in the pre-Islamic times, corresponded roughly to the territory of modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan.

* Azerbaijani: The Azerbaijani Latin alphabet used in Azerbaijan is modeled after Turkish since 1991.

He lectures in Europe, South Africa, New Zealand, Budapest, Hungary, Prague, Czech Republic, Azerbaijan, the Republic of Georgia, Armenia, and Latin America on business ethics and political philosophy.

Hurufism ( hurufiyya, adjective form hurufi literal meaning " letters " the alphabet ) was a mystical kabbalistic Sufi doctrine, which spread in areas of western Persia, Anatolia and Azerbaijan in later 14th-early 15th century.

* Samedaga Agamalioglu ( 1867 – 1930 )- famous revolutionary, the first deputy of Azerbaijan CEC ( 1921 ), the chairman of CEC of Azerbaijan SSR, one of the chairmen of CEC of TSFSR ( 1922 – 1929 ), the chairman of the committee of All-Union New Tukrish alphabet.

Most of Armenia's ethnic Azeri population was deported in 1988 – 1989 and remain refugees, largely in Azerbaijan.

The ongoing conflict with Azerbaijan over the ethnic Armenian-dominated region of Nagorno-Karabakh ( which was part of Soviet Azerbaijan ) and the breakup of the centrally directed economic system of the former Soviet Union contributed to a severe economic decline in the early 1990s.

Kotlyarevsky defeated the numerically superior Persian army in the Battle of Aslanduz and in October, 1813, Persia was compelled to make a disadvantageous peace, ceding some territory in the Caucasus ( present-day Georgia, Dagestan, and most of the Republic of Azerbaijan ).

With new acquired powers, Khrushchev was able to appoint associates to the leadership in Georgia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Armenia and Moldavia ( modern Moldova ), while Malenkov, in contrast, was able to appoint an associate to leadership only in Moscow.

* 1988 – Sumgait Pogrom: The Armenian community of Sumgait in Azerbaijan was in the target of a violent pogrom.

* In April 2005, an agreement was signed to build a railway from Turkey through Georgia to Azerbaijan ( see Kars Baku Tbilisi railway line ) probably using ( Standard gauge ) supposedly so that it can eventually link with China.

According to the ancient astronaut writer Peter Kolosimo a robot was seen entering a subterranean tunnel below a monastery in Mongolia, he also claimed a light was seen from underground in Azerbaijan.

Mihdhar's father-in-law, Ahmad Mohammad Ali al-Hada, helped facilitate al-Qaeda communications in Yemen, and in late 2001, Mihdhar's brother-in-law, Ahmed al-Darbi, was captured in Azerbaijan and sent to Guantanamo Bay on charges of supporting a plot to bomb ships in the Strait of Hormuz.

Beria was educated at a technical school in Sukhumi and joined the Bolsheviks in March 1917 while a student in the Baku Polytechnicum ( now known as the Azerbaijan State Oil Academy ).

Beria maintained that he was assigned to that work by the Hummet party, which subsequently merged with the Adalat Party, the Ahrar Party, and the Baku Bolsheviks to establish the Azerbaijan Communist Party.

In the 19th century, the government's policy was to send the heretics away from the center of the country into Caucasus, especially Armenia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, central Asia, and Siberia.

Before World War I there was a well-known colony of Molokans that had been exiled to the Caucasus ( an area long within Russian hegemony ), mainly to what is now Armenia, Azerbaijan, and eastern Turkey ( Kars plain ).

Nasreddin was the main character in a magazine, called simply Molla Nasraddin, published in Azerbaijan and " read across the Muslim world from Morocco to Iran ".

During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful states in the world – a multinational, multilingual empire that stretched from the southern borders of the Holy Roman Empire to the outskirts of Vienna, Royal Hungary ( modern Slovakia ) and the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth in the north to Yemen and Eritrea in the south ; from Algeria in the west to Azerbaijan in the east ; controlling much of southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa.

The Soviet Union came into being under the treaty of union in December 1922, which was signed by Russia and three other union republics – Belarus, Ukraine, and what was then the Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic ( an entity including what is now Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia ).

The Republic of Ararat ( Ağrı Province, Turkey ), the Republic of Mehabad ( West Azerbaijan Province, Iran ) and the Kingdom of Kurdistan ( Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraqi Kurdistan, Iraq ), each of these fledgling states was crushed by military intervention.

Since 1991 the more than boundary with the former Soviet Union, which was defined in the 1921 Treaty of Moscow ( 1921 ) and Treaty of Kars, has formed Turkey's borders with the independent countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia.

In 1999, Uzbekistan joined the GUAM alliance ( Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova ), which was formed in 1997 ( temporarily making it GUUAM until Uzbekistan withdrew in 2005 ).