In Byzantine times a new settlement took its place under the name of Arta.

The town remained until late Byzantine times an important toll and customs station of the Hellespont, its importance thereafter being transferred to the Dardanelles, after the building of the " Old Castles " by Sultan Mehmet II ( c. 1456 ).

Due to the troubled times the empire was enduring, he had by far the greatest number of rebellions against him of all the Byzantine emperors.

In Roman and Byzantine times, sugarcane, henna, and sycamore fig all made the lower Jordan valley quite wealthy.

In eastern Europe, the French army was at times hindered by Manuel I Comnenus, the Byzantine Emperor, who feared that it would jeopardize the tenuous safety of his empire ; however, during their 3-week stay at Constantinople, Louis was fêted and Eleanor was much admired.

Historically, Samaritans were a large community — up to more than a million in late Roman times, but were then gradually reduced to several tens of thousands a few centuries ago — their unprecedented demographic shrinkage has been a result of various historical events, including, most notably, the bloody suppression of the Third Samaritan Revolt ( 529 CE ) against the Byzantine Christian rulers, and mass conversion to Islam in the Early Muslim period of Palestine.

* The Temple of Apollo, Piazza Pantalica, adapted to a church in Byzantine times and to a mosque under Arab rule.

Map of Antioch in Roman and early Byzantine times

After the invasions by the Vandals, the Longobards and the Goths in the 5th-6th centuries AD, Reggio became the capital of the " metropolis of the Byzantine possessions in southern Italy " and several times between 536 and 1060 AD it was also the capital of the Duchy of Calabria and linchpin of the Greek church in Italy.

In 992, Basil II concluded a treaty with Pietro Orseolo II by the terms that Venice's custom duties in Constantinople would be reduced from 30 nomismata to 17 nomismata in return for the Venetians agreeing to transport Byzantine troops to southern Italy in times of war.

* Caesar ( title ), a title used by Roman and Byzantine Emperors and also at times by the Ottoman Turkish Emperors

It was still speaking the Greek of the times when the eastern empire became the Byzantine Empire.

The fall of later Canaanite civilization occurred with the incorporation of the area into the Greco-Roman world ( as Iudaea province ), and after Byzantine times, into the Muslim Arab and proto-Muslim Ummayad Caliphate.

As early as Byzantine times, the Maniots ( one of Greece's toughest populations ) were known as pirates.

* The Byzantine Empire battles with Bulgaria over the city of Adrianople, which changes hands several times.

Modern Greek literature refers to literature written in common Modern Greek, emerging from late Byzantine times in the 11th century AD.

For later times see Roman Greece, Byzantine Empire and Ottoman Greece.

In Byzantine times the town was also referred to as Lefkousia and also as Kallinikisis.

Later, monothelitism – the belief that Christ was 2 natures in 1 person except that he only had a divine will and no human will – was developed as an attempt to bridge the gap between the monophysite and the Chalcedonian position, but it too was rejected by the members of the Chalcedonian synod, despite at times having the support of the Byzantine emperors and once escaping the condemnation of a Pope of Rome, Honorius I.

* A repository with scientific papers on various aspects of the history of the Patriarchate in Byzantine times in English and in German

In Byzantine times, the city was the capital of the theme of Chaldia.

Confronting the Byzantine forces was an Ottoman army numbering many times that, backed by state-of-art siege equipment provided by a very competent Hungarian arms maker named Orban.

Archaeological evidence in the form of an elaborate mosaic floor similar to the one in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem and multiple fragments of an elaborate marble Templon ( chancel screen ) prove that an elaborate Byzantine church or monastery or other public building stood on the Temple Mount in Byzantine times, presumably the aforementioned Holy Wisdom Church.

The practice was also well established in Europe among the Greeks and Romans, although a role as court functionaries does not arise until Byzantine times.

After the division of the Roman Empire, Anatolia became part of the East Roman, or Byzantine Empire.

In Koine Greek, this became, changing further to in Byzantine Greek by iotacism.

Later, in the fourth century AD Amasus became the see of a Christian bishop and continued to flourish until the Byzantine period.

In retrospect his reign may be said to end before the situation of the Byzantine Empire became untenable.

Yet none of this was due to a lack of leadership on Andronikos ' part and his reign could be said to end before the Byzantine Empire's position became untenable due to the ensuing civil war which consumed the empire's remaining resources on Andronikos's death.

However, as Andronikos ' rule went on, the Emperor became increasingly paranoid and violent – in September 1185, Andronikos ordered the execution of all prisoners, exiles and their families for collusion with the invaders – and the Byzantine Empire descended into a terror state.

During his reign, Jerusalem became more closely allied with the Byzantine Empire, and the two states launched an unsuccessful invasion of Egypt.

Shortly thereafter, Athanasius became occupied with the disputes with the Byzantine Empire and Arians which would occupy much of his life.

Throughout the late Roman and early Byzantine periods, Christianity was resolving fundamental questions of identity, and the dispute between the orthodox and the monophysites became the cause of serious disorder, expressed through allegiance to the horse-racing parties of the Blues and the Greens.

Such was the influence of Byzantine art in the twelfth century, that Russia, Venice, southern Italy and Sicily all virtually became provincial centres dedicated to its production.

Columns, or at least large structural exterior ones, became much less significant in the architecture of the Middle Ages, and the classical forms were abandoned in both Byzantine architecture and the Romanesque and Gothic architecture or Europe in favour of more flexible forms, with capitals often using various types of foliage decoration, and in the West scenes with figures carved in relief.

This concept became a key element of the meaning of " emperor " in the Byzantine and Orthodox east, but went out of favor with in the west with the rise of Roman Catholicism.

Byzantine control over the sites of Israel and Judah and other parts of the Levant lasted until 636, when it was conquered by Arabs and became a part of the Caliphate.

The Roman Empire was finally split in 390 CE and the region became part of the East Roman Empire, known as the Byzantine Empire.

When the Roman Empire was divided into East and West in 395, the territories of modern Albania became part of the Byzantine Empire.

The new administrative system of the themes, or military provinces created by the Byzantine Empire, contributed to the eventual rise of feudalism in Albania, as peasant soldiers who served military lords became serfs on their landed estates.

After the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire in the middle and late 13th century, most of the Albanian territory became part of the Serbian state.

It was only in the Comnenian period ( 1081 – 1185 ) that the cult of the icon became widespread in the Byzantine world, partly on account of the dearth of richer materials ( such as mosaics, ivory, and enamels ), but also because an iconostasis a special screen for icons was introduced then in ecclesiastical practice.

Originally written simply for the monks of a neighboring monastery, the Ladder swiftly became one of the most widely read and much-beloved books of Byzantine spirituality.

Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus, who became a close ally of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

After the Gothic War ( 535-554 ) and the Byzantine conquest, this region regained its freedom, because the " Roman Duchy " became the property of the Eastern Emperor.

Use of the name " Sklavines " as a nation on its own was discontinued in Byzantine records after circa 836 as those Slavs in the Macedonia region became a population in the First Bulgarian Empire.

At the end of the 10th century, much of what is now Republic of Macedonia became the political and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Samuil ; while the Byzantine emperor Basil II came to rule the eastern part of the empire ( what is now Bulgaria ), including the then capital Preslav, in 972.

In 1231, Ertuğrul conquered the Nicean ( Byzantine ) town of Thebasion, which was renamed to Söğüt and became the initial capital of his territory.

The Byzantine commander of the Bursa fort, called Evronos Bey, became a commander of a light cavalry force and even his sons and grandsons served Ottoman Empire in this capacity to conquer and hold many areas in Balkans.