The castle is mentioned for the first time in Chrétien de Troyes ' poem Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart, dating to the 1170s, though it does not appear in all the manuscripts.

In several early French works such as Chrétien de Troyes ' Perceval, the Story of the Grail and the Vulgate Lancelot Proper section, Excalibur is used by Gawain, Arthur's nephew and one of his best knights.

These are written in rhyming couplets, and again draw on French models such as Chrétien de Troyes, many of them relating Arthurian material, for example, Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach.

A grail, wondrous but not explicitly " holy ", first appears in Perceval le Gallois, an unfinished romance by Chrétien de Troyes: it is a processional salver used to serve at a feast.

The Grail was considered a bowl or dish when first described by Chrétien de Troyes.

The Grail is first featured in Perceval, le Conte du Graal ( The Story of the Grail ) by Chrétien de Troyes, who claims he was working from a source book given to him by his patron, Count Philip of Flanders.

Though Chrétien ’ s account is the earliest and most influential of all Grail texts, it was in the work of Robert de Boron that the Grail truly became the " Holy Grail " and assumed the form most familiar to modern readers.

* The Perceval of Chrétien de Troyes.

For example, Joseph Goering of the University of Toronto has identified sources for Grail imagery in 12th century wall paintings from churches in the Catalan Pyrenees ( now mostly removed to the Museu Nacional d ' Art de Catalunya, Barcelona ), which present unique iconic images of the Virgin Mary holding a bowl that radiates tongues of fire, images that predate the first literary account by Chrétien de Troyes.

The 12th-century French writer Chrétien de Troyes, who added Lancelot and the Holy Grail to the story, began the genre of Arthurian romance that became a significant strand of medieval literature.

So, he simply turns pale and silent when he learns of Lancelot's affair with Guinevere in the Mort Artu, whilst in Chrétien de Troyes's Yvain, the Knight of the Lion he is unable to stay awake after a feast and has to retire for a nap.

Arthur and his retinue appear in some of the Lais of Marie de France, but it was the work of another French poet, Chrétien de Troyes, that had the greatest influence with regard to the above development of the character of Arthur and his legend.

The first Grail romance, Le Conte du Graal, was written around 1180 by Chrétien de Troyes, who came from the same area where the Council of Troyes had officially sanctioned the Templars ' Order.

It is loosely based on Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival, the 13th century epic poem of the Arthurian knight Parzival ( Percival ) and his quest for the Holy Grail, and on Chrétien de Troyes ' Perceval, the Story of the Grail.

* Le Prix de l ' Office Chrétien du Livre

Guillaume de Saint-Amour, Gérard d ' Abbeville, Henry of Ghent, Guillaume des Grez, Odo or Eudes of Douai, Chrétien de Beauvais, Gérard de Reims, Nicolas de Bar were among the most illustrious scholars connected either with the first chairs in the Sorbonne, or with the first association that constituted it.

* Larry D. Benson, ' The Tournament in the romances of Chrétien de Troyes and L ' Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal ' in Studies in Medieval Culture XIV 1980 1 – 24.

Chrétien attended Séminaire Saint-Joseph de Trois-Rivières and studied law at Université Laval.

de: Jean Chrétien

The first known trouvère was Chrétien de Troyes ( fl.

Such a device, according to Aristotle, is ″ contrived ″ by the poet, and thus is ″ inartistic .″ These writings appeared several centuries before Ovid's account in Metamorphoses which was adapted into Old French by the trouvère ( troubadour ) Chrétien de Troyes in the 12th century.

However, Chrétien de Troyes was not alone, Geoffrey Chaucer recounted the story in his unfinished work The Legend of Good Women as well as being briefly alluded to in ll.

Category: Works by Chrétien de Troyes

Writers and poets like Taliesin, Chrétien de Troyes and Thomas Malory wrote tales of derring-do featuring Arthur, Guinevere, Lancelot and Galahad.

* Chrétien de Troyes, 12th-century trouvère

This story first appears in Chrétien de Troyes ' Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart, and reappears as a common motif in numerous cyclical Arthurian literature, starting with the Lancelot-Grail Cycle of the early 13th century and carrying through the Post-Vulgate Cycle and Thomas Malory's Le Morte d ' Arthur.

Chrétien de Troyes tells yet another version of Guinevere's abduction, this time by Meleagant ( whose name is possibly derived from Melwas ) in Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart.

The Character of Guinevere in the Arthurian Romances of Chrétien De Troyes.

The question of the dates of the tales in the Mabinogion is important, because if they can be shown to have been written before Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae and the romances of Chrétien de Troyes then some of the tales, especially those dealing with Arthur, would provide important evidence for the development of Arthurian legend.

The three tales called The Three Romances ( Y Tair Rhamant ) are Welsh versions of Arthurian tales that also appear in the work of Chrétien de Troyes.

* Four continuations of Chrétien ’ s poem, by authors of differing vision and talent, designed to bring the story to a close.

* The German Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach, which adapted at least the holiness of Robert ’ s Grail into the framework of Chrétien ’ s story.

Uitti argues that Yvain is Chrétien ’ s “ most carefully contrived romance … It has a beginning, a middle, and an end: we are in no doubt that Yvain ’ s story is over ”.

This very method of having a three definite parts including the build in the middle leading to the climax of the story is in large part why Chrétien is seen to be a writer of novels six centuries before novels existed.

* An English translation of parts of the Chrétien de Troyes story

Sir Galahad does not feature in any romance by Chrétien de Troyes, or in Robert de Boron's Perceval, or in any of the continuations of Chrétien's story of the mysterious castle of the Fisher King.

Arthurian romancier Chrétien de Troyes mentions in his poem Cligès that he composed his own account of the story ; however, there are no surviving copies or records of any such text.

The Philomela attributed to Chrétien de Troyes, a retelling of the story of Philomela and Procne, also takes its source from Ovid's Metamorphoses.

Chrétien de Troyes wrote the first story of Perceval, le Conte du Graal ; Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival, Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d ' Arthur, and the now lost Perceval of Robert de Boron are other famous accounts of his adventures.

The story is told in Éric Rohmer's 1978 film Perceval le Gallois, based on Chrétien de Troye's Perceval.

A magic gwyddbwyll comparable to Gwenddoleu's appears in the Arthurian romance Peredur son of Efrawg ; a number of French versions of the Holy Grail story feature similar chessboards with self-moving pieces, following the Second Continuation of Chrétien de Troyes ' Perceval, the Story of the Grail, though in these only one side moves, while the hero plays the other.

In 2002, its publisher Russell Mills was dismissed following the publication of a story critical of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and an editorial calling for Chrétien's resignation.

The story of a powerful ( fairy ) woman who takes a lover on condition that he obey a particular prohibition is common in medieval poetry: the French lais of Desiré, Graelant, and Guingamor, and Chrétien de Troyes's romance Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, all share similar plot elements.

Marie de France's lai was composed at a time when the story of King Arthur was not fully developed, and probably before the story of the love between Lancelot and Queen Guinevere had been added to it by Chrétien de Troyes in his Knight of the Cart.

And on the evidence of Breton names, it would appear that Old Breton literature inspired much of Arthurian literature, the story of Tristan and Iseult and the romances of Chrétien de Troyes.

The great trouvère Chrétien de Troyes claims to have written a Tristan story, though no part of it has ever been found.

Its story closely parallels the French writer Chrétien de Troyes ' Erec and Enide.

Some scholars have taken this to mean that Wolfram had faced criticism for his story's departures from Chrétien de Troyes, and had created a pseudo-source with a back story that would silence and mock slow-witted critics while amusing those who saw through it.

Perceval, the story of the Grail () is the unfinished fifth romance of Chrétien de Troyes.

While it is not the first story to use conventions of the Arthurian characters and setting, Chrétien de Troyes is credited with the invention of the Arthurian romance genre by establishing expectation with his contemporary audience based on its prior knowledge of the subjects.