Industrial growth in Czechoslovakia required substantial additional labour.

With Soviet backing, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia assumed undisputed control over the government of Czechoslovakia in the Czechoslovak coup d ' état of 1948, ushering in a dictatorship.

( 1962 ) Atlas Borealis 1950. 0, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences ( Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved ), Praha, Czechoslovakia, 1st Edition, elephant folio hardcover, with small transparency overlay coordinate grid square and separate paper magnitude legend ruler.

2nd Edition 1972 and 1978 reprint, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences ( Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved ), Prague, Czechoslovakia, and Sky Publishing Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U. S. A., ISBN 0-933346-01-8 oversize folio softcover spiral bound, with transparency overlay coordinate grid ruler.

( 1958 ) Atlas Eclipticalis 1950. 0, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences ( Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved ), Praha, Czechoslovakia, 1st Edition, elephant folio hardcover, with small transparency overlay coordinate grid square and separate paper magnitude legend ruler.

2nd Edition 1974, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences ( Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved ), Prague, Czechoslovakia, and Sky Publishing Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U. S. A., oversize folio softcover spiral bound, with transparency overlay coordinate grid ruler.

Atlas Australis 1950. 0, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences ( Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved ), Praha, Czechoslovakia, 1st Edition, elephant folio hardcover, with small transparency overlay coordinate grid square and separate paper magnitude legend ruler.

2nd Edition, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences ( Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved ), Prague, Czechoslovakia, and Sky Publishing Corporation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U. S. A., oversize folio softcover spiral bound, with transparency overlay coordinate grid ruler.

The Czechoslovak Armed Forces were originally formed after 1918, when Czechoslovakia was created from former Austro-Hungarian areas after the defeat of that country in World War I.

Following the downfall of Czechoslovakia and occupation of its Czech part by Nazi Germany in 1939, Czechoslovak units and formations served with the Polish Army ( Czechoslovak Legion ), the French Army, the Royal Air Force, the British Army ( the 1st Czechoslovak Armoured Brigade ), and the Red Army ( I Corps ).

The Army of the Czech Republic was formed after the Czechoslovak Armed Forces split after the 1 January 1993 dissolution of Czechoslovakia.

In March 1945, Edvard Beneš, who had been elected President of Czechoslovakia 1935 – 38 and who had been head of the Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile in London since 1941, agreed to form a National Front government with Gottwald.

The 1968 events in the Czechoslovakia were driven forward by industrial workers, and were explicitly theorized by active Czechoslovak unionists as a revolution for workers ' control.

* 1918 – World War I: Czechoslovakia is granted independence from Austria-Hungary marking the beginning of an independent Czechoslovak state, after 300 years.

Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland, an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population ; and soon France and Britain conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement, which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands.

Czechoslovakia took Brazil to extra time in a notoriously feisty match in Bordeaux before succumbing in a replay ; the South Americans proved too strong for the depleted Czechoslovak side ( both Oldřich Nejedlý and František Plánička had suffered broken bones in the first game ) and won 2 – 1.

* Interest of the United States in the transfer of German populations from Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, and Austria, Foreign relations of the United States: diplomatic papers, Volume II ( 1945 ) pp. 1227 – 1327 ( Note: Page 1227 begins with a Czechoslovak document dated 23 November 1944, several months before Czechoslovakia was " liberated " by the Soviet Army.

After 1945 Pilot Officer Josef Horák and Flight Lieutenant Josef Stříbrný returned to Czechoslovakia to serve in the Czechoslovak Air Force.

Easternmost Czechoslovakia, Carpathian Ruthenia ( light green ) was annexed directly into the USSR, while the rest of the country would become the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic

In Czechoslovakia Heyrovský was awarded the State Prize, First Grade, in 1951, and in 1955 the Order of the Czechoslovak Republic.

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (), sometimes called Thomas Masaryk in English, ( 7 March 1850 – 14 September 1937 ) was an Austro-Hungarian and Czechoslovak politician, sociologist and philosopher, who as an eager advocate of Czechoslovak independence during World War I became the founder and first President of Czechoslovakia.

The Communist coup in Czechoslovakia in 1948 was followed immediately by the conclusion of the Brussels Treaty, a 50-year alliance among Britain, France and the Benelux countries.

However, opposition against the Marshall Plan was greatly reduced by the shock of the Communist coup in Czechoslovakia in February 1948.

" The KGB whipped up the fear that Czechoslovakia could fall victim to NATO aggression or to a coup ".

In September 1938, after two unsuccessful attempts by the SdP to stage a pro-Nazi coup in Czechoslovakia, which was stopped by police and the army, the Munich Agreement in 1938 awarded the city to Nazi Germany and it became the capital of the Sudetengau region.

The 1986 EDSA Revolution in the Philippines, the Velvet Revolution in former Czechoslovakia, and the resistance to the attempted military coup in the Soviet Union in 1991 that led to the dissolution of that state, are situations where it is possible that it was the " mob " which won the day due to defections by authority.

By 1938, he was disillusioned, and was an active participant in the plans for a coup d ' état against Hitler if he started a war against Czechoslovakia.

Beneš's interest in maintaining friendly relations with the Soviet Union was motivated also by his desire to avoid Soviet encouragement of a post-war communist coup in Czechoslovakia.

From the Communist coup d ' état in February 1948 to the Velvet Revolution in 1989, Czechoslovakia was ruled by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia ( czech: Komunistická strana Československa, KSČ ).

This gave legal sanction to the KSČ coup, and marked the onset of undisguised Communist rule in Czechoslovakia.

Following the February 1948 coup d ' état in which the communists seized power, Soviet influence over Czechoslovakia grew markedly.

That same year, Hans Oster recruited Nebe into the conspiracy for the September 1938 coup attempt, a plot to overthrow Hitler if he went to war with Czechoslovakia over the Sudetenland.

After the Soviet-inspired February 1948 communist coup in Czechoslovakia, the US became alarmed about Soviet intentions and feared that, if the leftist coalition were to win the elections, the Soviet-funded Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) would draw Italy into the Soviet Union's sphere of influence.

The 1948 communist coup in Czechoslovakia tainted the popularity of communism.

In 1953, American CIA and British intelligence agents, began plotting to overthrow Mosaddeq in a coup d ' état, in large part because of their fear that ` rising internal tensions and continued deterioration ... might lead to a breakdown of government authority and open the way for at least a gradual assumption of control by Tudeh ,` just as a local communist party had led a coup in Czechoslovakia in 1948, replacing a democratic regime and constitution with a pro-Soviet, one-party Communist government.

After the Soviet-inspired February 1948 communist coup in Czechoslovakia the US became alarmed about Soviet intentions and feared that the Soviet funded PCI would draw Italy into the Soviet Union's sphere of influence if the leftist coalition were to win the elections.

Following the coup d ' état of February 1948, when the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia seized power with the backing of the Soviet Union, the country was declared a people's republic after the Ninth-of-May Constitution became effective.

In London, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, having seen Hitler violate the Munich agreement by seizing Czechoslovakia, was more than ready to foment a German coup.

* 1913 – Gustáv Husák, President of Czechoslovakia ( d. 1991 )

* September 14 – Jan Masaryk, Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia ( d. 1948 )

** Tomáš Masaryk, President of Czechoslovakia ( d. 1937 )

Widely regarded as one of the finest midfielders of the modern era, he was the recipient of the prestigious Ballon d ' Or in 2003, only the second Czech player to receive this honour, and the first since the breakup of Czechoslovakia.