The most widely used standards are for the Ethernet family, Token Ring, Wireless LAN, Bridging and Virtual Bridged LANs.

ARP manipulation techniques, however, are the basis for protocols providing redundancy on broadcast networks ( e. g., Ethernet ), most notably CARP and Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol.

* Ethernet Virtual Private LAN ( EVP-LAN or E-LAN ) defined by MEF

* Hardware Node, Virtual Ethernet device concept

IEEE 802. 1Q is the networking standard that supports Virtual LANs ( VLANs ) on an Ethernet network.

Virtual Private LAN Service ( VPLS ) is a way to provide Ethernet based multipoint to multipoint communication over IP / MPLS networks.

VPLS are divided into Transparent LAN Services ( TLS ) and Ethernet Virtual Connection Services.

Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks ( LANs ).

As with other IEEE 802 LANs, each Ethernet station is given a 48-bit MAC address.

ARCNET, Token Ring and other technology standards have been used in the past, but Ethernet over twisted pair cabling, and Wi-Fi are the two most common technologies currently used to build LANs.

The network switch plays an integral part in most modern Ethernet local area networks ( LANs ).

Products include transceiver and processor ICs for Ethernet and wireless LANs, cable modems, digital subscriber line ( DSL ), servers, home networking devices ( router, switches, port-concentrators ) and cellular phones ( GSM / GPRS / EDGE / W-CDMA ).

These new devices can replace multiple legacy ADMs and also allow connections directly from Ethernet LANs to a service provider's optical backbone.

These early Ethernet LANs scaled using Ethernet bridges ( another DEC invention ) as well as DECnet routers.

Subsequently, Cisco routers, which implemented TCP-IP and DECnet, emerged as a global connection between these packet-based Ethernet LANs.

OSI layer 2 ( data link layer, e. g. Ethernet frame in LANs or multi-link PPP in WANs, Ethernet MAC address ) aggregation typically occurs across switch ports, which can be either physical ports, or virtual ones managed by an operating system, e. g. such as those of Open vSwitch.

These protocols can run over TCP / IP networks or substation LANs using high speed switched Ethernet to obtain the necessary response times below four milliseconds for protective relaying.

More than two voltage levels are used in advanced techniques such as FDDI and 100 / 1000 Mbit / s Ethernet LANs, and others, to achieve high data rates.

This " color " is what is now known in the Ethernet frame as the 802. 1Q header, or the VLAN tag.

With ISL, an Ethernet frame is encapsulated with a header that transports VLAN IDs between switches and routers.

The most common and preferred method, IEEE 802. 1Q adds a tag to the Ethernet frame, labeling it as belonging to a certain VLAN.

Cisco also has a proprietary trunking protocol called Inter-Switch Link which encapsulates the Ethernet frame with its own container, which labels the frame as belonging to a specific VLAN.

This information may include the operating system version, hostname, every address ( i. e. IP address ) from all protocol ( s ) configured on the port where CDP frame is sent, the port identifier from which the announcement was sent, device type and model, duplex setting, VTP domain, native VLAN, power draw ( for Power over Ethernet devices ), and other device specific information.

As related to network technology, CoS is a 3-bit field that is present in an Ethernet frame header when 802. 1Q VLAN tagging is present.

CoS operates only on 802. 1Q VLAN Ethernet at the data link layer ( layer 2 ), while other QoS mechanisms ( such as DiffServ, also known as DSCP ) operate at the IP network layer ( layer 3 ) or use a local QoS tagging system that does not modify the actual packet, such as Cisco's " QoS-Group ".

The standard defines a system of VLAN tagging for Ethernet frames and the accompanying procedures to be used by bridges and switches in handling such frames.

VSANs were designed by Cisco, modelled after the virtual local area network ( VLAN ) concept in Ethernet networking.

* VLAN, for analogous mechanism in Ethernet

Such networks can use non-virtual protocols such as Ethernet as well as virtualization protocols such as the VLAN protocol IEEE 802. 1Q.

Instead, AoE packets can only travel within a single local Ethernet storage area network ( e. g., a set of computers connected to the same switch or in the same LAN Subnet or VLAN ).

Much of the functionality of Ethernet MANs such as virtual private lines or virtual private networks is implemented by the use of Ethernet VLAN tags that allow differentiation of each part of the network.

* Scalability: In a properly designed Ethernet VLAN network, each switched path can have 4094 single tag VLANs.

Cisco Inter-Switch Link ( ISL ) is a Cisco Systems proprietary protocol that maintains VLAN information in Ethernet frames as traffic flows between switches and routers, or switches and switches.

ISL is Cisco's VLAN tagging protocol and is supported only on some Cisco equipment over Fast and Gigabit Ethernet links.

It may also be known as an Ethernet hardware address ( EHA ), hardware address or physical address.

Standards ( Ethernet, for example ) can fix the size of an MTU ; or systems ( such as point-to-point serial links ) may decide MTU at connect time.

However, today Ethernet may offer QoS through its 802. 1p.

This may occur in Ethernet bus networks and hub networks, as well as in wireless networks.

Since the magic packet is only scanned for the string above, and not actually parsed by a full protocol stack, it may be sent as any network-and transport-layer protocol, although it is typically sent as a UDP datagram to port 7 or 9, or directly over Ethernet as EtherType 0x0842.

The network interface card may allow the service to function only on WiFi, only on Ethernet, or both.

With the advent of Ethernet over fiber optics, MPLS, VPN and dedicated broadband services such as cable modem and DSL, the end may loom for the Frame Relay protocol and encapsulation.

At any layer, a modern switch may implement power over Ethernet ( PoE ), which avoids the need for attached devices, such as a VoIP phone or wireless access point, to have a separate power supply.

The terms “ customer-premises equipment ,” “ Customer-provided Equipment ,” or “ CPE ” may also refer to any devices that terminate a WAN circuit, such as an ISDN, E-carrier / T-carrier, DSL, or metro Ethernet.

In the case of expansion of on-board capability, a motherboard may provide a single serial RS232 port or Ethernet port.

A hardware initiator mitigates the overhead of iSCSI and TCP processing and Ethernet interrupts, and therefore may improve the performance of servers that use iSCSI.

It may be used for 10BASE-T Ethernet, token ring, or ATM25 networks.

Many organizations now sell such pre-designed cores — CPUs, Ethernet, USB or telephone interfaces — and larger organizations may have an entire department or division to produce cores for the rest of the organization.

Each subnet is served by a designated default router, but may consist internally of multiple physical Ethernet segments interconnected by network switches or network bridges.

An Ethernet network may be divided into several collision domains, interconnected by bridges and switches.

The individual computers may be shared-or local-memory multiprocessors, vector supercomputers, specialized graphics engines, or scalar workstations and PCs, that may be interconnected by a variety of networks, such as Ethernet or FDDI.

The terms are primarily used to refer to devices for connecting SCSI, Fibre Channel and eSATA devices, but devices for connecting to IDE, Ethernet, FireWire, USB and other systems may also be called host adapters.

Also, newer hardware ( such as Gigabit Ethernet cards ) may not be usable under FREESCO due to an absence of their drivers for the 2. 0. x Linux kernel.

This capability may be implemented in individual hosts or may be integrated into Ethernet switches or other network equipment.

The SHDSL payload may be either ' clear channel ' ( unstructured ), T1 or E1 ( full rate or fractional ), multiple ISDN Basic Rate Interface ( BRI ), Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ) cells or Ethernet packets.

Besides making sure that the firewall settings are correct, for Windows XP hosts with more than one Ethernet interface card and a wireless WAN connection, bridging the Ethernet interface cards may help eliminating some ICS problems.