Previous to the war, the city's civilian population was about 300, 000, but before it was over, most of the populace had sought refuge elsewhere in Iran.

; AIM-54A: The original model that became operational with the U. S. Navy in about 1974, and it was also exported to Iran in modest numbers before the Iran hostage crisis beginning in 1979.

Some 400 kilometers of the planned Nabucco Pipeline, bringing gas from Azerbaijan and Iran to Central Europe, were to cross Bulgaria sometime before 2011.

Dice have been used throughout Asia since before recorded history ; the oldest known dice were excavated as part of a 5000-year-old backgammon set at the Burnt City, an archeological site in south-eastern Iran.

Shortly before leaving he had issued a famous instruction to F. Gaspar Barazeuz who was leaving to go to Ormuz ( a kingdom on an island in the Persian Gulf, now part of Iran ), that he should mix with sinners:

Although the reasons for Saddam Husayn's decision to invade Iran were complicated, the leaders of the Baath Party had long resented Iranian hegemony in the Persian Gulf region and had especially resented the perceived Iranian interference in Iraq's internal affairs both before and after the 1979 Islamic Revolution.

The general diffusion of Turkish populations over Anatolia, before Osman's time, was in main part a push from the Mongol conquest of Central Asia, Iran and then East Anatolia.

Along the way, he engaged in several battles with smaller kingdoms before marching his army westward across the inhospitable Makran desert towards modern Iran.

No written record has remained from the era before the Persian Empire, but in the oral history and culture, the Iranians have called the southern waters: " Jam Sea ", " Iran Sea ", and " Pars Sea ".

The term " Persian bird " for the cock would appear to been given by the Greeks after Persian contact " because of his great importance and his religious use among the Persians ", but even long before that time, in Iran, during the Kianian Period, from about 2000 B. C.

The pregame festivities honored the end of the Iran hostage crisis ( which was announced 5 days before the game ), which featured a performance by the Southern University band.

It is named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal in much of the Western world, although other mathematicians studied it centuries before him in India, Greece, Iran, China, Germany, and Italy.

The Mongols, before the rule of Kublai Khan, had launched military campaigns as far as Eastern Europe, and had conquered Russia, Siberia, Tibet, Korea, North China, Yunnan, Iraq, Anatolia and Iran.

One of the most famous political uses of cassette tapes was the dissemination of sermons by the Ayatollah Khomeini throughout Iran before the 1979 Iranian Revolution, in which Khomeini urged the overthrow of the regime of the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

It was first distributed in Wichita, Kansas in 1994, before becoming more widely sold across the United States, Spain, Canada, Lebanon, Turkey, the GCC countries, Iran, Egypt, Vietnam, Pakistan and India.

The U. S. embassy in Iran used strip-cut paper shredders to reduce paper pages to strips before the embassy was taken over in 1979 ( though not entirely successfully ).

In September 2006, Ellsberg wrote in Harper's Magazine that he hoped someone would leak information about a potential U. S. invasion of Iran before the invasion happened, to stop the war.

They spent the winter in Gorgan, Iran before travelling north across the Ural River until they reached the towns of the Bulghars at the three lakes of the Volga north of the Samara bend.

Hua was one of the last foreigners to visit the Shah of Iran before he was overthrown in 1979.

He also denied ever traveling to Iran or Libya, and claimed that North Korea's nuclear program was well advanced before his visit.

Some also cited the apparent discrepancy between how Steele responded in this bout and his actions two years before this match in the bout between Thomas Hearns and Iran Barkley.

They seized Baghdad in 1048, before dying out in 1194 in Iran, although the production of “ Seljuq ” works continued through the end of the 12th and beginning of the 13th century under the auspices of smaller, independent sovereigns and patrons.

in Civil Engineering, and after receiving his master's degree in education at the University of Tehran, he spent a year ( 1975 – 1976 ) as teaching fellow at the University of Houston, where he received a doctorate in education ( 1976 ) before returning to Iran.

Razin arrived in Farahabad ( on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea in Iran ) and masqueraded as a merchant in the city for several days before he and his men pillaged the city for two days.

After the emergence of the Taliban, Iran stepped up assistance to the Northern Alliance minority ethnic groups.

Events and political movements that contributed to Lebanon's violent implosion include, among others, the departure of European colonial powers, the emergence of Arab Nationalism, Arab Socialism in the context of the Cold War, the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Ba ' athism, the Iranian Revolution, Palestinian militants, Black September in Jordan, Islamic fundamentalism, and the Iran – Iraq War.

Rivalry between Iran and some Arab states, along with the emergence of pan-Arabism and Arab nationalism, has seen the name Arabian Gulf become predominant in most Arab countries.

The coup d ' état of 1921 and the emergence of Reza Shah were partially assisted by the British government, which wished to halt the Bolsheviks ' penetration of Iran, particularly because of the threat it posed to the British possessions in India.

The second millennium BCE is usually regarded as the age of migration because of the emergence in western Iran of a new form of Iranian pottery, similar to earlier wares of north-eastern Iran, suggesting the arrival of the Ancient Iranian peoples.

The emergence of a Westernized liberal tradition in Iran is a relatively new phenomenon, formed against a backdrop of political transformation which included: the demise of the Qajar dynasty, the constitutional struggles of the 1920s, consolidation of the autocratic regime of Reza Shah, the postwar confrontation between Reza Shah ’ s son and the nationalist prime minister, Mohammed Mossadegh, and the shah ’ s launching of the White Revolution in 1963.

Fears that Russian interests were no longer primary, alongside the surfacing of anti-Russian political forces in the country, and the emergence of the German threat, made it more important than ever for the country to protect its commercial interests in Iran by building a railway.

Rivalry between Iran and some Arab states, along with the emergence of pan-Arabism and Arab nationalism, has seen the name Arabian Gulf become predominant in some Arab countries.

The emergence of pariah states, such as North Korea ( possibly soon to be joined by Iran ), armed with nuclear weapons was adding to the fear as was the declared ambition of terrorists to steal, buy or build a nuclear device.

In West Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean early copper zinc alloys are now known in small numbers from a number of third Millennium BC sites in the Aegean, Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, Kalmykia, Turkmenistan and Georgia and from 2nd Millennium BC sites in West India, Uzbekistan, Iran, Syria, Iraq and Israel.

Much of Afghanistan's livestock was removed from the country by early waves of refugees who fled to neighboring Pakistan and Iran.

Urban civilization, which includes modern-day Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, may have begun as early as 3000 to 2000 BC.

The Avesta is believed to have been composed possibly as early as 1800 BC and written in ancient Ariana ( Aryana ), the earliest name of Afghanistan which indicates an early link with today's Iranian tribes to the west, or adjacent regions in Central Asia or northeastern Iran in the 6th century BC .< ref >

Hezbollah was largely formed with the aid of the Ayatollah Khomeini's followers in the early 1980s in order to spread Islamic revolution and follows a distinct version of Islamic Shi ' a ideology ( Valiyat al-faqih or Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists ) developed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of the " Islamic Revolution " in Iran.

The perceived threat to Iraq in the summer of 1982 thus was serious enough to force Saddam Hussein to request the Nonaligned Movement to change the venue of its scheduled September meeting from Baghdad to India ; nevertheless, since the fall of 1982, the ground conflict has generally been a stalemated war of attrition — although Iran made small but demoralizing territorial advances as a result of its massive offensives in the reed marshes north of Basra in 1984 and in 1985, in Al Faw Peninsula in early 1986, and in the outskirts of Basra during January and February 1987.

In addition, as of early 1988 the government had lost control of several mountainous districts in Kurdistan where, since 1983, dissident Kurds have cooperated militarily with Iran.

Iran barely maintained its independence throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, being carved up into spheres of influence, invaded in 1917 and 1941, occupied between 1941 – 1946, subjected to Soviet attempts to create a separate Azerbaijan socialist republic in 1946, and having its government overthrown in 1921 and again in 1953.

The American administration of Harry Truman began to believe this possibility in early March 1946, with the Soviets ' violation of the withdrawal deadline in Iran, and Churchill's Iron Curtain speech, given in Truman's presence a few days later.

In addition, it was at the Potsdam Conference that Truman became aware of possible complications elsewhere, when Stalin objected to Churchill's proposal for an early allied withdrawal from Iran, ahead of the agreed upon schedule set at the Tehran Conference.

In the early 1990s, Scud-C missiles with a 500-kilometer range were procured from North Korea, and Scud-D, with a range of up to 700 kilometers, is allegedly being developed by Syria with the help of North Korea and Iran, according to Zisser.

Traders from Arabia, the Persian Gulf region of modern-day Iran ( especially Shiraz ), and west India probably visited Zanzibar as early as the 1st century.

Although its botanical name Prunus persica refers to Persia ( present Iran ) from where it came to Europe, genetic studies suggest peaches originated in China, where they have been cultivated since the early days of Chinese culture, circa 2000 BC.

Although a Persian-speaking region, it was not united politically with Iran most of the times between the disintegration of the Seleucid Empire and the Arab conquest ( except at the time of early Sassanids, such as Shapur I ).

After the collapse of the Soviet-backed Kurdish Mahabad Republic in Iran in early 1947, Ibrahim Ahmad, previously the Sulaymaniyah representative of the Iranian KDP ( from now on referred to as KDP-I ), joined the newly formed Iraqi KDP.

The Sialk ziggurat, in Kashan, Iran, is the oldest known ziggurat, dating to the early 3rd millennium BC.

Via Maris is the modern name for an ancient trade route, dating from the early Bronze Age, linking Egypt with the northern empires of Syria, Anatolia and Mesopotamia — modern day Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Syria.

Truman himself had first become suspicious in dealing with the Soviets at the Potsdam Conference, the Soviet reluctance to withdraw from Iran on schedule in early March 1946, reinforced his concern.

The airline was involved in several covert operations: In the early 1950s, El Al airlifted over 160, 000 immigrants to Israel from India, Iran, Iraq and Yemen as part of Operation Magic Carpet and Operation Ezra and Nehemiah.

In response, Iran in the early 1970s became the main patron of Iraqi Kurdish groups fighting for independence from Iraq.

Ilkhanid piece in silk, cotton and gold, Iran or Iraq, early 14th century

" In the early 1950s, the custom was still observed in Iran and some remote communities in Kurdistan where young Muslims would sometimes join in.

Kurdish is a language of the Northwestern Iranian group which has likely separated from the other dialects of Central Iran during the early centuries CE.

A preliminary Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) study at the time reported that it was Iran that was responsible for the attack, an assessment which was used subsequently by the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) for much of the early 1990s.