Abba Arikka ( 175 – 247 ) ( Talmudic Aramaic: ; born: Abba bar Aybo, Hebrew: רבי אבא בר איבו ) was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in Sassanid Babylonia, known as an amora ( commentator on the Oral Law ) of the 3rd century who established at Sura the systematic study of the rabbinic traditions, which, using the Mishnah as text, led to the compilation of the Talmud.

The three volumes of this work are a study of classical rabbinic theology and aggadah, as opposed to halakha ( Jewish law.

The combined book Ezra-Nehemiah of the earliest Christian and Jewish period was known as Ezra and was probably attributed to him ; according to a rabbinic tradition, however, Nehemiah was the real author but was forbidden to claim authorship because of his bad habit of disparaging others.

Examining Jewish history and rabbinic literature through the lens of academic criticism, Conservative Judaism believes that halakha has always evolved to meet the changing realities of Jewish life, and that it must continue to do so in the modern age.

Siegel believed such change could occur when halakhah and aggadah, the wealth of non-legalistic rabbinic literature that included lessons on Jewish morals, values, and ethics, came into conflict.

In the rabbinic literatures of the Talmud and the Jewish Kabbalah, the scholars agree that there are two types of spiritual places called Garden in Eden.

Halakha constitutes the practical application of the 613 mitzvot (" commandments ", singular: mitzvah ) in the Torah, ( the five books of Moses, the " Written Law ") as developed through discussion and debate in the classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud ( the " Oral law "), and as codified in the Mishneh Torah or Shulchan Aruch ( the Jewish " Code of Law ".

Broadly, the Halakha comprises the practical application of the commandments ( each one known as a mitzvah ) in the Torah, as developed in subsequent rabbinic literature ; see The Mitzvot and Jewish Law.

Hermeneutics is the study of rules for the exact determination of the meaning of a text ; it played a notable role in early rabbinic Jewish discussion.

Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism both hold that modern views of how the Torah and rabbinic law developed imply that the body of rabbinic Jewish law is no longer normative ( seen as binding ) on Jews today.

Halakha, the rabbinic Jewish way of life, then, is based on a combined reading of the Torah, and the oral tradition-the Mishnah, the halakhic Midrash, the Talmud and its commentaries.

* Conservative Judaism, known as Masorti outside the United States and Canada, is characterized by a commitment to traditional Jewish laws and customs, including observance of Shabbat and kashrut, a deliberately non-fundamentalist teaching of Jewish principles of faith, a positive attitude toward modern culture, and an acceptance of both traditional rabbinic and modern scholarship when considering Jewish religious texts.

In rabbinic Jewish literature Joshua is regarded as a faithful, humble, deserving, wise man.

Classical rabbinic Jewish sources do not specifically mention that homosexual attraction is inherently sinful.

When Steven Greenberg, who received Orthodox rabbinic ordination, publicly announced that he was homosexual, there was a significant response from rabbis of all denominations reported in the Jewish newspapers.

Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Neusner was educated at Harvard University, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America ( where he received rabbinic ordination ), the University of Oxford, and Columbia University.

According to Orthodox Judaism, Jewish law today is based on the commandments in the Torah, as viewed through the discussions and debates contained in classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud.

Since Late Antiquity, once attributed to a Council of Jamnia, mainstream rabbinic Judaism rejected the Septuagint as valid Jewish scriptural texts.

Jewish theologian and rabbinic scholar David Novak suggests that there are three options:

See, for instance, the rabbinic category of Damages ( Jewish law ) ( note though that while a few aspects of this law are incorporated into Israeli law, tort law in Israel is technically similar to English tort law-as enacted by British Mandate of Palestine authorities in 1944 and taking effect in 1947, a year before Israel became a state ).

There are people of religions besides Judaism, or even those without religious affiliation, who delve in the Zohar out of curiosity, or as a technology for people who are seeking meaningful and practical answers about the meaning of their lives, the purpose of creation and existence and their relationships with the laws of nature, and so forth ; however from the perspective of traditional, rabbinic Judaism, and by the Zohar's own statements, the purpose of the Zohar is to help the Jewish people through and out of the Exile and to infuse the Torah and mitzvot ( Judaic commandments ) with the wisdom of Kabbalah for its Jewish readers.

However, it is the Jewish artists, Gustav Mahler and Franz Kafka in music and literature that have embraced the theme of angst so highly in their work that they have become synonymous with the term to the point of popular joking and cartoons today.

Some believe that Luke ’ s gospel can be seen to mirror the Jewish apologetic literature of the time which served to “ defend Jews against misunderstanding and persecution .” Acts is said to be a:

" Although his answer is given merely as su eipas ( thou hast said it ), the Gospel of Mark states the answer as ego eimi ( I am ) and there are instances from Jewish literature in which the expression, " thou hast said it ", is equivalent to " you are right ".

According to Howard Schwartz, " the myth of the fall of Lucifer " existed in fragmentary form in Isaiah 14: 12 and other ancient Jewish literature ; Schwartz claims that the myth originated from " the ancient Canaanite myth of Athtar, who attempted to rule the throne of Ba ' al, but was forced to descend and rule the underworld instead ".

There is little Jewish literature on heaven or hell as actual places, and there are few references to the afterlife in the Hebrew Bible.

" It has been suggested that similarities between John's Gospel and Gnosticism may spring from common roots in Jewish Apocalyptic literature.

Within Talmudic literature, Jewish law is divided into the six orders of the Mishnah, which are categories by proximate subject matter: Zeraim (" Seeds ") for agricultural laws and prayer, Moed (" Festival "), for the Sabbath and the Festivals, Nashim (" Women "), dealing primarily with marriage and divorce, Nezikin (" Damages "), for civil and criminal law, Kodashim (" Holy things "), for sacrifices and the dietary laws, and Tohorot (" Purities ") for ritual purity.

In ancient times, the idea of subterranean realms seemed arguable, and became intertwined with the concept of " places " such as the Greek Hades, the Nordic svartalfheim, the Christian Hell, and the Jewish Sheol ( with details describing inner Earth in Kabalistic literature, such as the Zohar and Hesed L ' Avraham ).

In classic Rabbinic literature it differs from " Tzadik "-" righteous ", by instead denoting one who goes beyond the legal requirements of ritual and ethical Jewish observance in daily life.

** Musar literature and other works of Jewish ethics

Jewish Apocalyptic literature of the Hellenistic period includes many ancient texts with narratives about Jacob, many times with details different from Genesis.

John the Baptist is also mentioned by Jewish historian Josephus, in Aramaic Matthew, in the Pseudo-Clementine literature, and in the Qur ' an.

* Abendana, Jacob in The Jewish encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day, New York ; London: Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1901 – 06, volume 1, p 53.

These teachings are thus held by followers in Judaism to define the inner meaning of both the Hebrew Bible and traditional Rabbinic literature, their formerly concealed transmitted dimension, as well as to explain the significance of Jewish religious observances.

Midrashic literature is worthwhile reading not only for its insights into Judaism and the history of Jewish thought, but also for the more incidental data it provides to historians, philologists, philosophers, and scholars of either historical-critical Bible study or comparative religion.

Mani began preaching at an early age and was possibly influenced by contemporary Babylonian-Aramaic movements such as Mandaeanism, and Aramaic translations of Jewish apocalyptic writings similar to those found at Qumran ( such as the book of Enoch literature ).

The books which later came to form the New Testament, like other Christian literature of the period, originated in a literary context that reveals relationships not only to other Christian writings, but also to Graeco-Roman and Jewish works.

Other early Jewish and Graeco-Roman literature, though far less utilized, is also cited in books that would come to form the New Testament.

In metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages, and it continues to influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church.

The rationalistic method pursued by the new school of Maimonists ( including Levi ben Abraham ben Chayyim of Villefranche, near the town of Perpignan, and Jacob Anatolio ) especially provoked his indignation ; for the sermons preached and the works published by them seemed to resolve the entire Scriptures into allegory and threatened to undermine the Jewish faith and the observance of the Law and tradition.

Many quotes from the Book of Job are used throughout Jewish liturgy, especially at funerals and times of mourning.

Most of them were Dutch, French, British ( English ), Arab and Jewish ( from Lebanon and Morocco ), Chinese ( especially from Macau ), American, and Brazilian ( including people of Portuguese and African descent ).

The Persian era, and especially the period 538 – 400, laid the foundations of later Jewish and Christian religion and the beginnings of a scriptural canon.

Each Christian community also had presbyters, as was the case with Jewish communities, who were also ordained and assisted the bishop ; as Christianity spread, especially in rural areas, the presbyters exercised more responsibilities and took distinctive shape as priests.

The Jewish Enlightenment of the late 18th century resulted in the division of Ashkenazi ( Western ) Jewry into religious movements or denominations, especially in North America and Anglophone countries.

A parallel Jewish movement, Haskalah or the " Jewish Enlightenment ", began, especially in Central Europe and Western Europe, in response to both the Enlightenment and these new freedoms.

In Central Europe, followed by Great Britain and the United States, Reform Judaism and Liberal Judaism developed, relaxing legal obligations ( especially those that limited Jewish relations with non-Jews ), emulating Protestant decorum in prayer, and emphasizing the ethical values of Judaism's Prophetic tradition.

" The rise of Christian Zionism — that is, religiously motivated Christian interest and support for the state of Israel — along with a growth of philo-Semitism ( love of the Jewish people ) has increased interest among American Evangelicals in Judaism, especially areas of commonality with their own beliefs, see also Jerusalem in Christianity.

Great numbers of Christian pilgrims visit Israel, especially in times of trouble for the Jewish state, to offer moral support, and return with an even greater sense of a shared Judeo-Christian heritage.

Oxfordian William Farina refers to Shakespeare's apparent knowledge of the Jewish ghetto, Venetian architecture and laws in the plot of The Merchant of Venice, especially the city's " notorious Alien Statute ".

The word " priest " is ultimately from Greek, via Latin presbyter, the term for " elder ", especially elders of Jewish or Christian communities in Late Antiquity.

To this framework various Jewish sages added, from time to time, various prayers, and, for festivals especially, numerous hymns.

The Islamic, Jewish, and Christian ideas of the Garden of Eden and Heaven may be interpreted as forms of utopianism, especially in their folk-religious forms.

Under King's administration, the Canadian government, responding to strong public opinion, especially in Quebec, refused to expand immigration opportunities for Jewish refugees from Europe.

Thus, in the language of some Jewish poets, the beloved one's curls indicate the mysteries of the Deity ; sensuous pleasures, and especially intoxication, typify the highest degree of divine love as ecstatic contemplation ; while the wine-room represents merely the state through which the human qualities merge or are exalted into those of God.

In Kabbalah, especially in Hasidism, the communal divinity of Israel is revealed Below in the righteous Tzadik Jewish leader of each generation who is a collective soul of the people.

Examples of other changes are " truly I tell you " becomes " I tell you the truth ;" " fellow workers " becomes " coworkers ;" " the Jews ," particularly in John's Gospel, often becomes " Jewish leaders " when the context makes the statement's real meaning apparent ; and " miracles ," especially in John, become the more literal " signs ," " miraculous signs ," or " works.

Over the period of the First Intifada and Second Intifada the Jewish community was subjected to attacks by Palestinian militants, especially during the periods of the Intifadas ; which saw 3 fatal stabbings and 9 fatal shootings in between the first and second Intifada ( 0. 9 % of all fatalities in Israel and the West Bank ) and 17 fatal shootings ( 9 soldiers and 8 settlers ) and 2 fatalities from a bombing during the second Intifada, and thousands of rounds fired on it from the hills above the Abu-Sneina and Harat al-Sheikh neighbourhoods.

Her testament of June 6, 1939 states, " I beg the Lord to take my life and my death … for all concerns of the sacred hearts of Jesus and Mary and the holy church, especially for the preservation of our holy order, in particular the Carmelite monasteries of Cologne and Echt, as atonement for the unbelief of the Jewish People and that the Lord will be received by his own people and his kingdom shall come in glory, for the salvation of Germany and the peace of the world, at last for my loved ones, living or dead, and for all God gave to me: that none of them shall go astray.

After the end of the war the relationship between the Palmach and the British authorities became strained, especially with respect to the treatment of Jewish immigration.