Jacques Derrida, in " The Purveyor of Truth ," his response to Jacques Lacan's seminar on " The Purloined Letter " ( 1956 ), applies the metaphor to the structural analysis of texts: " By framing in this violent way, by cutting the narrated figure itself from a fourth side in order to see only triangles, one evades perhaps a certain complication.

Lévi-Strauss in anthropology systematised a structuralist analysis of culture in which the individual subject dissolved into a signifying convention ; the semiological work of Roland Barthes ( 1977 ) decried the cult of the author and indeed proclaimed his death ; while Lacan's structuralist psychoanalysis inevitably led to a similar diminishment of the concept of the autonomous individual: " man with a discourse on freedom which must certainly be called delusional ... produced as it is by an animal at the mercy of language ".

In the 1950s, Lacan's structuralist theories about Hamlet were first presented in a series of seminars given in Paris and later published in " Desire and the Interpretation of Desire in Hamlet ".

Lacan's theories influenced literary criticism of Hamlet because of his alternative vision of the play and his use of semantics to explore the play's psychological landscape.

Plotnisky here defends Lacan's view " of imaginary numbers as an extension of the idea of rational numbers — both in the general conceptual sense, extending to its ancient mathematical and philosophical origins ... and in the sense of modern algebra.

Lacan's dissolution of the École Française de Psychanalyse in 1980 was followed by the creation of La cause freudienne.

" Mulvey argues that Lacan's psychoanalytic theory is the key to understanding how film creates such a space for female sexual objectification and exploitation through the combination of the patriarchal order of society, and ' looking ' in itself as a pleasurable act of voyeurism, as " the cinema satisfies a primordial wish for pleasurable looking.

In Lacan's psychoanalytic theory, for example, the structural order of " the Symbolic " is distinguished both from " the Real " and " the Imaginary "; similarly, in Althusser's Marxist theory, the structural order of the capitalist mode of production is distinct both from the actual, real agents involved in its relations and from the ideological forms in which those relations are understood.

The concepts of psychoanalysis can be deployed with reference to the narrative or poetic structure itself, without requiring access to the authorial psyche ( an interpretation motivated by French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan's remark that " the unconscious is structured like a language ").

Though sometimes disparaged as a case of " physics envy " or accused of introducing false rigor into a discipline that is more literary theory than hard science, there is also something of a sense of humor in Lacan's formulas: of one ' sigla which I have introduced in the form of an algorithm ', Lacan himself has declared that ' it is created to allow for a hundred and one different readings, a multiplicity that is admissible as long as the spoken remains caught in its algebra '.

Metz applied both Sigmund Freud's psychology and Jacques Lacan's mirror theory to the cinema, proposing that the reason film is popular as an art form lies in its ability to be both an imperfect reflection of reality and a method to delve into the unconscious dream state.

" It should be noted, however, that Tallis is not a credible psychoanalyst and most of his critique of Lacan is based off of a gossip book written by Elisabeth Roudinesco entitled " Lacan & Co ." Lacan's mirror stage is based on his belief that infants recognize themselves in a mirror ( literal ) or other symbolic contraption which induces apperception ( the turning of oneself into an object that can be viewed by the child from outside of himself ) from the age of about six months.

However, later mirror test research indicates that while toddlers are usually fascinated by mirrors, they do not recognize themselves in mirrors until the age of 15 months at the earliest, leading psychiatrist Norman N. Holland to declare that " there is no evidence whatsoever for Lacan's notion of a mirror stage.

In Lacan's fourth Seminar, La relation d ' objet, he states that " the mirror stage is far from a mere phenomenon which occurs in the development of the child.

The mirror stage, Lacan also hypothesized, shows that the Ego is the product of misunderstanding – Lacan's term " méconnaissance " implies a false recognition.

" Lacan's assignment of new meanings to standard mathematical terms in this way, though supported by Plotnitsky as valid within the context of his work, is of course one of the things which Sokal and Bricmont object to.

In his introduction to the 1994 edition of Jacques Lacan's The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis, David Macey states that " Salvador Dali's theory of ' paranoic knowledge ' is certainly of great relevance to the young Lacan.

The main exception is that for ' most psychoanalysts who follow Lacan's teaching ... counter-transference is not simply one form of resistance, it is the ultimate resistance of the analyst '.

He wrote First Letter addressed by Jacques-Alain Miller to An Enlightened Public, " Clear Like Day Letter " and " The Tenderness of Terrorism " where he asserted that " an analyst is only authorized by her / himself " ( Lacan's dictum: l ' analyste ne s ' autorise que de lui-même ).

Subsequently, he worked ( until his death from a heart attack in 1992 ) at the experimental psychiatric clinic of La Borde under the direction of Lacan's pupil, the psychiatrist Jean Oury.

Early work on visual culture has been done by John Berger ( Ways of Seeing, 1972 ) and Laura Mulvey ( Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema, 1975 ) that follows on from Jacques Lacan's theorization of the unconscious gaze.

Althusser's argument here strongly draws from Jacques Lacan's concept of the mirror stage.

The story was used by the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan and the philosopher Jacques Derrida to present opposing interpretations: Lacan's structuralist, Derrida's mystical, depending on deconstructive chance.

* Lacan's Sexuation Formulas by Jack W. Stone.

Lacan's concept of the mirror stage was strongly inspired by earlier work by psychologist Henri Wallon, who speculated based on observations of animals and humans responding to their reflections in mirrors.

However, Evans also notes that by the 1950s Lacan's mirror stage concept had become so abstract as to be untestable and therefore of no scientific value.

It has also been compared to Lacan's use of the Name of the Father, as the third party created by the presence of social convention, law, and language in all human interaction.

Building on Lacan's work, scopophilia was used by cinema psychoanalysts of the 1970s to describe pleasures ( often considered pathological ) and other unconscious processes occurring in spectators when they watch films.

Finally ( though by no means exhaustively ), Jacques Lacan's Seminar on the Psychoses and one of his ecrits " On a Question prior to Any Possible Treatment of Psychosis " are predominantly concerned with reading and evaluating Schreber's text over-against Freud's original and originating interpretation.

See Lacan's paper, " The Mirror Stage as formative of the function of the I as revealed in psychoanalytic experience ", the first of his Écrits.

He also supervised the English translations of Lacan's work: " Écrits ", and the seminars, " The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis ", " The Ethics of Psychoanalysis ", Encore-On Feminine Sexuality.

' Lacan's theories have encouraged a criticism which focuses not on the author but on the linguistic processes of the text '.

He takes Sokal and Bricmont to task for elevating a disagreement with Lacan's choice of writing styles to an attack on his thought, which, in Fink's assessment, they fail to understand.

In its concern for the construction of the personality in social terms, it has been compared to the social behaviorism of George Herbert Mead something which explains Lacan's early praise of " Janet, who demonstrated so admirably the signification of feelings of persecution as phenomenological moments in social behaviour ".

* Lack ( manque ), a term in Lacan's psychoanalytic philosophy

Lacan's account includes a psychoanalytic dimension, while Derrida stresses the effects of power on the self.

Lacan's theory of sexuation organizes femininity and masculinity according to different unconscious structures.

Tallis argues that Lacan, who was poorly trained in both traditional medicine and psychoanalysis, superficially mimicked medicine and science, and that Lacan's later devotees similarly mimic their guru's confused concepts.

This evolution in Lacan's thinking becomes clear in his later essay titled " The Subversion of the Subject and the Dialectic of Desire.

" However, many theorists and philosophers do like to turn Lacan's " mirror stage " into a literalized gimmick, forgetting that even animals and other objects can be as valuable as the mirror itself in Lacan's theory.

Evans argues that Lacan's earliest versions of the mirror stage, while flawed, can be regarded as a bold pioneering in the field of ethology ( the study of animal behavior ) and a precursor of both cognitive psychology and evolutionary psychology.