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In Lebanon, the right-wing Guardians of the Cedars, a fiercely nationalistic ( mainly Christian ) political party which opposes the country's ties to the Arab world, is agitating for " Lebanese " to be recognized as a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect, and has even advocated replacing the Arabic alphabet with a revival of the ancient Phoenician alphabet, which lacks a number of characters to write typical Arabic phonemes present in Lebanese, and lost by Phoenician ( and Hebrew ) in the second millennium BC.
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Lebanon and right-wing
The Syrian military and intelligence presence in Lebanon was criticised by some on Lebanon's right-wing inside and outside of the country, others believed it helped to prevent renewed civil war and discourage Israeli aggression, and others believed its presence and influence was helpful for Lebanese stability and peace but should be scaled back.
It was formed by right-wing activists opposed to the presence of the Palestinian refugees in Lebanon.
It was not until the Civil War of 1958, that Gemayel emerged as a leader of the far right-wing separatist ( mainly Christian ) movement that opposed a Nasserist and Arab-nationalist inspired attempt to overthrow the government of president Camille Chamoun and supported the return of foreign troops to Lebanon.
For example, Israel cooperated with right-wing American Christian personality Pat Robertson in setting up a television network inside the security zone called Middle East Television that broadcast Christian religious programming to both Lebanon and northern Israel.
Lebanon and Guardians
On July – August of that same year, the Phalangists headed alongside its allies, the Army of Free Lebanon, Al-Tanzim, NLP Tigers Militia, Guardians of the Cedars ( GoC ), the Tyous Team of Commandos ( TTC ) and the Lebanese Youth Movement ( LYM ) in the sieges – and subsequent massacres – of Karantina, al-Masklah and Tel al-Zaatar Massacres at the Muslim-populated slum districts and adjacent Palestinian refugee camps of East Beirut, and at the town of Dbayeh in the Metn.
The Guardians of the Cedars – GoC ( Arabic: حراس الأرز ; Ḥurrās al-Arz ), also designated Gardiens du Cedre or Gardiens des Cèdres ( GdC ) in French, are a far-right ultranationalist Lebanese party and former militia in Lebanon.
The Guardians and allied Christian militias then invaded the Koura region in northern Lebanon and reached Tripoli, to support Christian residents trapped by fighting.
In 1985 the Guardians of the Cedars mounted a fierce defense of Kfar-Fallus and Jezzine, battling Palestinians and Shiite-Druze militias and protected thousands of Christians in South Lebanon.
The Guardians and other militias were largely reorganized into the South Lebanon Army, preserving much of the early ideology while adopting new military tactics.
The Lebanese Renewal Party – LRP ( Arabic: Hezb al-Tajaddud al-Lubnaniyya ) or Parti de la Renovation Libanaise ( PRL ) in French, is a banned political party in Lebanon formed in 1972 as the political arm of the paramilitary force known as the Guardians of the Cedars.
The LRP and the Guardians of the Cedars were uncompromisingly opposed to the Syrian occupation of Lebanon.
Later, in Southern Lebanon, the Guardians fighters had a reputation for being exceptionally motivated and among the toughest fighters in the ranks of the SLA.
" The Guardians called upon the people to rally around the leadership of General Aoun, and demanded the withdrawal of Lebanon from the Arab League.
From the end of the civil war in 1990 until the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000 the Guardians of the Cedars formed an element of the now-defunct South Lebanon Army.
*: 15 M42A1 Dusters in service with the Lebanese Army ( 1958 – 1984 ), passed on to the Army of Free Lebanon, Lebanese Arab Army, Tigers Militia, Guardians of the Cedars, Kataeb Regulatory Forces, Lebanese Forces
He joined the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution when the body was established in 1980, where he was in charge of the Middle East Department, with Israel, Lebanon and the Persian Gulf as places of particular attention.
Lebanon and Cedars
* Lebanon, the Cedars ' Land The historic and touristic cities of Lebanon
Dolenz was born at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, Los Angeles California, the son of actors George Dolenz and Janelle Johnson.
Villa de Capoa, recently restored, is a noteworthy garden with statues and a wide variety of plant species, including sequoias, Norway Spruces, cypresses and Lebanon Cedars.
The Cedars in Lebanon
* Cedars of Lebanon State Park, app.
The Tall Cedars of Lebanon of North America is one of the various appendant bodies of Freemasonry, open only to Master Masons in good standing in a regular Masonic Lodge.
* Tall Cedars of Lebanon of North America
In the high slopes of Mount Lebanon are the last remaining groves of the famous Cedars of Lebanon ( Cedrus libani ).
The Phoenicians used cedar to build ships in which they sailed the Mediterranean, thus they were the first to establish villages in Mount Lebanon and would live from cutting down Cedars and sending them to the coast.
Historically, there were various attempts at conserving the Lebanon Cedars.
The first was made by the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who issued a decree protecting parts of the Cedars of Lebanon in CE 118.
Finally, Lebanon is sometimes metonymically referred to as the Land of the Cedars.
" He died of uremic poisoning at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Los Angeles, California on March 5, 1953, the same day as Joseph Stalin and Sergei Prokofiev.
Born at the Cedars of Lebanon hospital in Los Angeles, California, Bergman was the only child of Jewish musicians Patricia McGowan Paris, a singer, and Dave Bergman.
In February 1943, Astor's father, Otto Langhanke, died in Cedars of Lebanon Hospital as a result of a heart attack complicated by influenza.
Van Heflin died at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital on July 23, 1971, aged 60.
Lebanon and mainly
Prior to Syria's withdrawal from Lebanon Mr Khaddam was in charge of Syria's Lebanon policy and mainly responsible for Syria's abuse of Lebanon's resources.
Despite the family's mainly Jerusalem ancestry, some members of the family were from Beirut, in what is today Lebanon.
The Sheikh title was commonly used when addressing mainly the members of the traditional noble Maronite Christians families ( El Daher in Akkar, El Douaihy in Ehden & Zgharta, El Khazen in Kesserwan, El Khoury in Rechmaya El Metn, El Dahdah in Jbeil, Hobeich in Ftouh Kesserwan, Tarabay in Jurd El Batroun, Gemayel in Bekfaya El Metn, Germanos in Jurd Jbeil, Al Hachem in Akoura, Al Saad in Aley ...) but also Druzes in the southern part of Mount Lebanon ( Joumblatt, Talhouk, Abd El Malek ) and Shiites ( Hamadeh in Jbeil ).
In the last decades of 19th century and beginning of the 20th, the Lebanese that arrived were mainly from the Christian communities of Lebanon, and came in large numbers.
In 1968, the party joined the Helf Alliance formed with the two other big mainly Christian parties in Lebanon: the National Liberal Party of former President Camille Chamoun, and National Bloc of Raymond Eddé, and won 9 seats ( of 99 ) in the parliamentary elections held that year, making it one of the largest groupings in Lebanon's notoriously fractured political system.
The battle against the dilution of Lebanon: the Kataeb Party entered the political and parliamentary scene during the late 1940s after a period in which it refrained from entering the political arena to focus mainly on the promotion of the youth and on social issues, away from the trivialities of post-mandate politics.
The war was however still raging and Lebanon ’ s neighbors, mainly Syria and Israel, expanded their influence in the country.
Amine Gemayel left Lebanon in 1988 after his mandate had ended, mainly to avoid a clash with Samir Geagea's Lebanese Forces and avoid more Intra-Christian bloodshed.
He was reassigned to the Ministry of Electricity and Water in 1996, a period which saw massive power projects in Baddawi and Zahrani, Zouk and Baalbeck, and massive electrical grid installation and distribution throughout Lebanon, including the outlying areas still in turmoil with Israeli Forces in the south, hence the progress was too slow compared to the massive increase in the Megawatts needed, since little electricity projects were accomplished over 18 years of civil unrest, mainly because of the Israeli Operation Grapes of Wrath.
It is found throughout the mountains of southern temperate Europe, Lebanon and Asia at heights above 2000 m. It is mainly resident, wintering more widely at lower latitudes, but some birds wander as rare vagrants as far as Great Britain.
The Druze won militarily, but not politically, because European powers ( mainly France and Britain ) intervened on behalf of the Maronites and divided Mount Lebanon into two areas ; Druze and Maronite.
Armenia has a long musical tradition, and its music has been represented in recent times by artists such as Djivan Gasparyan, a world-wide renowned Duduk player, and Armenian pop singers such as Sirusho, Andre and Harout Pamboukjian, a Los Angeles-based pop singer who is famous mainly in Armenia and the United States and is also acclaimed in Lebanon, Syria and countries with an Armenian-speaking minority.
This resurgence of writing in Arabic was confined mainly to Egypt and Lebanon until the 20th century when it spread to other countries in the region.
* the release of all 766 mainly Lebanese Shias transferred to Israel in conjunction with Israel's immediate withdrawal from Lebanon ; ( a pullout had been underway since January and was already virtually complete )
It is estimated that about 5 million Palestinians living in refugee communities scattered mainly in the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon could claim a right of return under this article, assuming refugee status is hereditary.
In the Mediterranean region, it is cultivated mainly in southern Spain, where it was introduced before 1751 in the Motril, Almuñecar and Malaga areas, from where it was carried to Italy and lsla de Madeira ( Portugal ), but now can be also found in Morocco, Tunisia ( only in the orchards of Hammamet ), Lebanon, Egypt, Cyprus, and Israel.
The Marada mainly operated out of Tripoli and northern Lebanon, the base of the Frangieh family.
Anti-Hashemite manifestations broke out, and Muslim inhabitants in and around Mount Lebanon revolted with fear of being incorporated into a new, mainly Christian, state of Greater Lebanon.
However, Greater Lebanon included in addition to Mount Lebanon other mainly Muslim regions that were not part of the Maronite Mutasarrifia, and hence the word " greater.
The township is mainly in the Waynesville telephone exchange, but parts are in the Spring Valley, Bellbrook, Lebanon, and Centerville exchanges.
According to estimations, by October 1977 about 300, 000 refugees, mainly Shiite Muslims, fled South Lebanon.
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