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Marxian and political
For " many Marxian libertarian socialists, the political bankruptcy of socialist orthodoxy necessitated a theoretical break.
The writings of Karl Marx provided the basis for the development of Marxist political theory and Marxian economics.
Today, political economy, where it is not used as a synonym for economics, may refer to very different things, including Marxian analysis, applied public-choice approaches emanating from the Chicago school and the Virginia school, or simply the advice given by economists to the government or public on general economic policy or on specific proposals.
Because these regimes influence and are influenced by the organization of both social and economic capital, the analysis of dimensions lacking a standard economic value ( e. g., the political economy of language, of gender, of religion ) often draw on the concepts used in Marxian critiques of capital.
* New political economy students treat economic ideologies as the phenomenon to explain, per the traditions of Marxian political economy.
( A more general term is " political economy ", an earlier name for " economics " that evokes its practical and theoretical origins but should not be mistaken for the Marxian use of the same term.
" Neoliberalism as discourse: between Foucauldian political economy and Marxian poststructuralism " Critical Discourse Studies ( 2012 ) online
Paul Marlor Sweezy ( April 10, 1910February 28, 2004 ) was a Marxian economist, political activist, publisher, and founding editor of the long-running magazine Monthly Review.
Adherents of Marxian economics, particularly in academia, distinguish it from Marxism as a political ideology and sociological theory, arguing that Marx's approach to understanding the economy is intellectually independent of his advocacy of revolutionary socialism or his support of proletarian revolution.
Critics who have alleged that Marx has been proved internally inconsistent include former and current Marxian and / or Sraffian economists, such as Paul Sweezy, Nobuo Okishio, Ian Steedman, John Roemer, Gary Mongiovi, and David Laibman, who propose that the field be grounded in their correct versions of Marxian economics instead of in Marx's critique of political economy in the original form in which he presented and developed it in Capital.
Like Marx, many or most advocates of Marxian political economy reject underconsumptionist stagnation theories.
The organic composition of capital ( OCC ) is a concept created by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy and used in Marxian economics as a theoretical alternative to neo-classical concepts of factors of production, production functions, capital productivity and capital-output ratios.
In Marxian political economy, the rate of profit ( r ) would be measured as
* Class power in Marxian political economy: under capitalism this refers to a situation where a minority ( the capitalists ) in society controls the means of production and thus is able to exploit the majority ( the workers ).
In political economy and especially Marxian economics, exchange value refers to one of four major attributes of a commodity, i. e., an item or service produced for, and sold on the market.
Constant capital ( c ), is a concept created by Karl Marx and used in Marxian political economy.
Marxian Socialists, however, did not believe it worthwhile to form a political party within a capitalist system.
In many areas, he foresaw the current debate on the critical Marxian language of ' class ', ' bourgeoisie ', and ' hegemony ' finds little echo in contemporary political science where its positivism requires researchers to focus on putative measurable and objective entities.
The further conclusion was that all those receiving " rent " for their intellectual capital would innately, in Marxian terms, have " Petit Bourgeois " political and sociological allegiances.
1 has become a cornerstone of the Marxian critique of ' bourgeois ' political economy ( in German: ursprüngliche Akkumulation, literally " original accumulation " or " primeval accumulation ").
Nowadays the concept is mainly used in Marxian economics, surplus economics, political anthropology, cultural anthropology, economic anthropology and archaeology as well as sociology and other social sciences.
The value product ( VP ) is an economic concept formulated by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy during the 1860s, and used in Marxian social accounting theory for capitalist economies.

Marxian and economy
Political economy professor Michael Lebowitz has developed the Marxian interpretation of needs further in two editions of his book Beyond Capital.
In his view, capitalism had manifested itself mainly as a reactionary force inside Romanian economy during the time of Phanariote rules — thus, despite characteristic underdevelopment ( which he also noted ), the local economy had not contrasted with the stages postulated by Marxian economics.
macrosociology — magic — male inexpressiveness — malthusianism — managed care — managerial capitalism — managerial class — manifest function — marginalization — marriage — Marxian sociology — Marxism — masculinity — mass action — mass media — mass society — master status — materialism — matriarchy — matrilineality — matrilocal residence — McDonaldization — mean — means of production — mechanical solidarity — mechanization — median — medicaid — medical gaze — medical model — medicalization — medicare — megalopolis — mental disorder — mental superstructure — mercantilism — medical sociology — meritocracy — metanarrative — methodology — micro-level — microsociology — middle class — migration — militarism — military-industrial complex — millenarianism — minority group — mixed economy — mode — mode of production — mode of reproduction — modernity — modernization — monogamy — monopoly — monotheism — moral panic — mores — mortality rate — mortification of the self — mother-daughter relationships — multiculturalism — multilineal evolution — multinational corporation — murder
Thus, in a free-market capitalist economy, both savings and the investment income ( Marxian surplus value ) are disproportionally accumulated in hands of wealthiest individuals.

Marxian and simple
The magazine is written in a simple, direct style and focuses mainly on socialist advocacy and Marxian analysis of current events, particularly those affecting the United Kingdom.
Engels argued explicitly that the Marxian law of value also applied also to simple exchange, this law being modified in the capitalist mode of production when all the inputs and outputs of production ( including means of production and labour power ) become tradeable commodities.

Marxian and production
The Marxian school goes further, seeing labor ( in general, including entrepreneurship ) as the primary factor of production, since it is required to produce capital goods and to utilize the gifts of nature.
The demonstration of the relation between commodities ' unit values and their respective prices is known in Marxian terminology as the transformation problem or the transformation of values into prices of production.
The original conception of socialism was an economic system whereby production was organised in a way to directly produce goods and services for their utility ( or use-value in classical and Marxian economics ): the direct allocation of resources in terms of physical units as opposed to financial calculation and the economic laws of capitalism ( see: Law of value ), often entailing the end of capitalistic economic categories such as rent, interest, profit and money.
Nowadays the volume of world trade grows significantly faster than GDP, suggesting to Marxian economists such as Samir Amin that surplus-value realised from commercial trade ( representing to a large extent a transfer of value by intermediaries between producers and consumers ) grows faster than surplus-value realised directly from production.
Usually this type of research involves reworking the components of the official measures of gross output and capital outlays to approximate Marxian categories, in order to estimate empirically the trends in the ratios thought important in the Marxian explanation of capital accumulation and economic growth: the rate of surplus-value, the organic composition of capital, the rate of profit, the rate of increase in the capital stock, and the rate of reinvestment of realised surplus-value in production.
Marxian economics suggests that control of such means of production is always and necessarily part of the rise to hegemony of a state on any scale-and notes that the British Admiralty did, and U. S. Department of Defense, U. S. State Department, does, especially via allies and allied agencies, provide vast and guaranteed markets for military and humanitarian production.
They argue that Marxian socialism in particular arose from the minds of the working class due to the class contradictions of the capitalist mode of production.
One debate in Marxian economics concerns the question of whether the product-values formed and traded include both direct and indirect labour, or whether these product-values refer only to current average production costs ( or the value of current average replacement costs ).
Other Marxian economists note that, at any time, most of the stock of objects of value in a society has no actual market price, because those objects are not being traded ( i. e. they are withdrawn from the market ); they are either being used in production or consumption activities, or else stored for later use.
In the Marxian interpretation, many of these rents, insofar as they are paid out of the sales of current output of production, constitute part of the new value created and part of the real cost structure of production.
One of the theoretical problems in Marxian economics is to distinguish exactly between relations of production and relations of distribution, determining the significance of each in the allocation of resources.
In Marxian economics, however, these flows would be regarded either as a faux frais of production, a circulating constant capital outlay, or an element of gross surplus value.

Marxian and also
Today it is usually used to refer to mainstream economics, although it has also been used as an umbrella term encompassing a number of other schools of thought, notably excluding institutional economics, various historical schools of economics, and Marxian economics, in addition to various other heterodox approaches to economics.
In Marxian economics, the term surplus may also refer to surplus value, surplus product and surplus labour.
Objections also exist on more fundamental bases, such as that of equity, or Marxian analysis.
" He was also wary of integration of Marxian ideals into Western governments, prefacing his essay Freedom is a Two-Edged Sword with the warning: " The golden voice of social security, of socialized " this " and socialized " that ," with its attendant confiscatory taxation and intrusion on individual liberty, is everywhere raised and everywhere heeded.
This event made a lasting impression, making him profoundly hostile to conservatism but also making him reject as futile the Marxian outlook of many European social democrats.
The book also includes a wide range of theoretical perspectives — Marxian, Weberian, critical theory, postmodern theory — as well as a number of concepts such as hyperconsumption, implosion, simulation, and time and space to show the audience how sociological theory can be applied to everyday phenomena. Find Enchanting a Disenchanted World on Publisher's Website
According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, " it has since been seen as a feminist history, concerned to show changes in manners and mores in so far as they affected women ; it has also been judged to anticipate Marxian history in its keen apprehension of reification: ' machines imitated mortals to unhoped perfection, and men found out they were themselves machines '.
However, from the definition of Marxian value as total labour embodied it must also be true that:
The concept, interpreted as rising technical composition of capital, is also used by some Marxian authors.
Ideology and Superstructure also offered a critique of competing interpretations of Marxian thought, particularly that associated with Karl Kautsky and that with Max Adler.
Other measures are also used in the Marxian literature.
Aside from purely academic work, Struik also helped found the Journal of Science and Society, a Marxian journal on the history, sociology and development of science.
Marcuse also analyzes the integration of the industrial working class into capitalist society and new forms of capitalist stabilization, thus questioning the Marxian postulates of the revolutionary proletariat and the inevitability of capitalist crisis.
In Marxian economics, the official concept of CFC is also disputed, because it is argued that CFC really should refer to the value transferred by living labor from fixed assets to new output.
However, as Marxism took off, it also began to come under criticism from other European intellectuals, including fellow socialists and leftists ; the Russian collectivist anarchist Mikhail Bakunin for instance criticised what he believed were the flaws in the Marxian theory that the state would eventually dissolve under a Marxist government, instead he believed that the state would gain in power and become authoritarian.
He also took issue with the attempt to apply a Marxian interpretation to the Southern slave system.
A socialist society, Marxian economists argue, also has a surplus product from an economic point of view, but its creation and distribution would begin to operate with different rules.
From a Marxian point of view, official value added also includes some dubious components such as the rental value of owner-occupied housing.
The Marxian view is also dismissed by ecologists, because it argues only human labour-time is the substance and source of economic value in capitalist society.
Marxian economists have criticized UNSNA concepts also from a different theoretical perspective on the new value added or value product.

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