The use of the word abacus dates before 1387 AD, when a Middle English work borrowed the word from Latin to describe a sandboard abacus.

The English word alphabet came into Middle English from the Late Latin word alphabetum, which in turn originated in the Greek ἀλφάβητος ( alphabētos ), from alpha and beta, the first two letters of the Greek alphabet.

From Middle English ligeaunce ( see medieval Latin ligeantia, " a liegance ").

[...] It is not as philosophically thorough as the works of D. Saliba, A. M. Goichon, or L. Gardet, but it is probably the best essay in English on this important thinker of the Middle Ages.

Known to the Iranians by the Pahlavi compound word kah-ruba ( from kah “ straw ” plus rubay “ attract, snatch ,” referring to its electrical properties ), which entered Arabic as kahraba ' or kahraba, it too was called amber in Europe ( Old French and Middle English ambre ).

As an English name, it has been in use since the Middle Ages, though it was not popular until modern times.

In several Scots and in Northern Middle English folkoric ballads, Álfheim was known in as Elphame or Elfhame.

Category: Middle English literature

The term came to denote the season in 16th century England, a contraction of Middle English expressions like " fall of the leaf " and " fall of the year ".

Anglo-Saxon ᴁcerntun might become Middle English Akerenton, Akerinton and the like.

The first known use of the word ball in English in the sense of a globular body that is played with was in 1205 in in the phrase, "" The word came from the Middle English bal ( inflected as ball-e ,-es, in turn from Old Norse böllr ( pronounced ; compare Old Swedish baller, and Swedish boll ) from Proto-Germanic ballu-z, ( whence probably Middle High German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal ), a cognate with Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle from Proto-Germanic * ballon ( weak masculine ), and Old High German ballâ, pallâ, Middle High German balle, Proto-Germanic * ballôn ( weak feminine ).

" In the later Middle English spelling balle the word coincided graphically with the French balle " ball " and " bale " which has hence been erroneously assumed to be its source.

The word battle is a loanword in English from the Old French bataille, first attested in 1297, from Late Latin battualia, meaning " exercise of soldiers and gladiators in fighting and fencing ", from Late Latin ( taken from Germanic ) battuere " beat ", from which the English word battery is also derived via Middle English batri, and comes from the staged battles in the Colosseum in Rome that may have numbered 10, 000 individuals.

Another Semitic etymology compares Assyrian barīrītu, the name of a female demon found in Middle Babylonian and Late Babylonian texts.

The older mixed Vulgate / Diatessaron text type also appears to have continued as a distinct tradition, as such texts appear to underlie surviving 13th-14th century Gospel harmonies in Middle Dutch, Middle High German, Middle French, Middle English, Tuscan and Venetian ; although no example of this hypothetical Latin sub-text has ever been identified.

Other students have noted a range of textual similarities between passages in the Gospel of Barnabas, and variously the texts of a series of late medieval vernacular harmonies of the four canonical gospels ( in Middle English and Middle Dutch, but especially in Middle Italian ); which are all speculated as deriving from a lost Vetus Latina version of the Diatessaron of Tatian.

In the early Middle Ages, following the fall of the Roman Empire, standard medical knowledge was based chiefly upon surviving Greek and Roman texts, preserved in monasteries and elsewhere.

By the Middle Ages the texts of the prayers were nearly fixed, and in the form in which they are still used today.

Thus (" The Father of Greatness ", the highest Manichaean deity of Light ), in Middle Persian texts might either be translated literally as pīd ī wuzurgīh, or substituted with the name of the deity Zurwān.

Sources for an understanding of dance in Europe in the Middle Ages are limited and fragmentary, being composed of some interesting depictions in paintings and illuminations, a few musical examples of what may be dances, and scattered allusions in literary texts.

During the years 550 to 330 BC, coinciding with the sovereignty of the first Persian Empire over the Middle East area, especially the whole part of the Persian Gulf and some parts of the Arabian Peninsula, the name of " Pars Sea " is widely found in the compiled written texts.

His works include the early and very influential De Inventione ( On Invention, often read alongside the Ad Herennium as the two basic texts of rhetorical theory throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance ), De Oratore ( a fuller statement of rhetorical principles in dialogue form ), Topics ( a rhetorical treatment of common topics, highly influential through the Renaissance ), Brutus ( Cicero ) ( a discussion of famous orators ) and Orator ( a defense of Cicero's style ).

By the Middle Ages the texts of the prayers were nearly fixed, and in the form in which they are still used today.

The word does not occur in any preserved Middle English texts.

By the Middle Kingdom period, as the funeral texts began to be used by members of Egyptian society other than the royal family, the role of Isis as protector also grew, to include the protection of nobles and even commoners.

What is certain is that no practice of the sort is reported in texts of the European Middle Ages.

The same elements from the myth that appear in the Pyramid Texts recur in funerary texts written in later times, such as the Coffin Texts from the Middle Kingdom ( c. 2055 – 1650 BC ) and the Book of the Dead from the New Kingdom ( c. 1550 – 1070 BC ).

Important texts for the reconstruction of the evolution of Middle English out of Old English are the Ormulum ( 12th century ), the Ancrene Wisse and the Katherine Group ( early 13th century, see AB language ) and Ayenbite of Inwyt ( ca.

In some Middle Persian texts, Ray ( Ragha ) is given as the birthplace of Zoroaster although modern historians generally place the birth of Zoraster in Khorasan.

Vajrayana texts exhibit a wide range of literary characteristics — usually a mix of verse and prose, almost always in a Sanskrit that " transgresses frequently against classical norms of grammar and usage ," although also occasionally in various Middle Indic dialects or elegant classical Sanskrit.

This is considered a misunderstanding of the term pazend, which actually refers to the use of the Avestan alphabet in writing the Zand and other Middle Persian religious texts, as an expression meaning " in Zend ".

The most notable among the Middle Persian texts are the Dēnkard (" Acts of Religion "), dating from the 9th century ; the Bundahishn (" Primordial Creation "), finished in the 11th or 12th century, but containing older material ; the Mainog-i-Khirad (" Spirit of Wisdom "), a religious conference on questions of faith ; and the Arda Viraf Namak (" Book of Arda Viraf "), which is especially important for its views on death, salvation and life in the hereafter.

And you don't meet the folks from home in Northwest Spain which has remained almost untouched by time and tourists since the Middle Ages.

A fourteen-year-old girl from the Middle West observed wryly that, in her community, religion inconveniently interfered with religious activities -- at least with the peripheral activities that many middle class Jews now regard as religious.

A reporter who consulted a Middle East Information officer for routine vital statistics got nowhere until the State Department man produced from his bottom desk drawer a brochure published by the Arabian-American Oil Company.

The question was raised, for example, as to what attitude the President would take if Mr. Khrushchev proposes a broad neutral belt extending from Southeast Asia to the Middle East.

Thus, while it remains possible that the Babylonians and/or the Pythagoreans may perhaps have had the magic square of three before the Chinese did, more definite evidence will have to turn up from the Middle East or the Classical World before China can lose her claim to the earliest known magic square by more than a thousand years.

" What the West borrowed from the Middle East ", in Savory, R. M.

The zero was probably introduced to the Chinese in the Tang Dynasty ( 618-907 AD ) when travel in the Indian Ocean and the Middle East would have provided direct contact with India, allowing them to acquire the concept of zero and the decimal point from Indian merchants and mathematicians.

The Runic alphabets were used for Germanic languages from AD 100 to the late Middle Ages.

The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian ( c. 2000 BC ) word dj-b-t " mud sun-dried brick.

Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as the Middle Paleolithic.

After 1180 BC, the Hittite empire disintegrated into several independent " Neo-Hittite " states, subsequent to losing much territory to the Middle Assyrian Empire and being finally overrun by the Phrygians, another Indo-European people who are believed to have migrated from The Balkans.

During Christie and Mallowan's time in the Middle East, along with their time spent among the many tombs, temples, and museums, there was also a large amount of time spent traveling to and from Mallowan's sites.

In 1992 – 1993 a research team headed by Tim White discovered the first A. ramidus fossils — seventeen fragments including skull, mandible, teeth and arm bones — from the Afar Depression in the Middle Awash river valley of Ethiopia.

According to Scott Simpson, the Gona Project's physical anthropologist, the fossil evidence from the Middle Awash indicates that both A. kadabba and A. ramidus lived in " a mosaic of woodland and grasslands with lakes, swamps and springs nearby ," but further research is needed to determine which habitat Ardipithecus at Gona preferred.

Kythira was a stopping place for trade and culture between Crete and the Peloponesus, so these stories may preserve traces of the migration of Aphrodite's cult from the Middle East to mainland Greece.

Initially in a literary revival Renaissance was determined to move away from the religion-dominated Middle Ages and to turn its attention to the plight of the individual man in society.

Amber and extracts were used from the time of Hippocrates in ancient Greece for a wide variety of treatments through the Middle Ages and up until the early twentieth century.

It has also been recently suggested that the rapid climatic collapse, marking the Akkadian Dark Age, may have been responsible for the religiously prescribed prohibition against the raising and consumption of pigs that spread through the Ancient Middle East from the end of the third millennium BC.

Along with the Pontificale, Ealdred may have brought back from Cologne the first manuscript of the Cambridge Songs to enter England, a collection of Latin Goliardic songs which became famous in the Middle Ages.

Apart from the lost Handboc or Encheiridion, which seems to have been a commonplace book kept by the king, the earliest work to be translated was the Dialogues of Gregory the Great, a book greatly popular in the Middle Ages.

Two of Ammonius's students-Origen the Pagan, and Longinus-seem to have held philosophical positions which were closer to Middle Platonism than Neoplatonism, which perhaps suggests that Ammonius's doctrines were also closer to those of Middle Platonism than the Neoplatonism developed by Plotinus ( see the Enneads ), but Plotinus does not seem to have thought that he was departing in any significant way from that of his master.