The eighth-century monk and chronicler Bede lists both Oswald and Oswiu as having held imperium, or overlordship, over the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms ; in Oswiu's case his dominance extended beyond the Anglo-Saxons to the Picts, the Gaels of Dál Riata, and the many obscure and nameless native British kingdoms in what are now North West England and southern Scotland.

Penda's son Peada became king under Oswiu's overlordship but was murdered a year later.

Penda's son Peada became king under Oswiu's overlordship, but was murdered a year later.

Whether Oswiu's marriage with the Uí Néill princess Fín of the Cenél nEógain, and the birth of Aldfrith, should be placed in the context of his exile, or took place at a later date is uncertain.

Oswiu's first recorded action as king of Bernicia was to strengthen his position, and perhaps his claims to Deira, by marrying Edwin's daughter Eanflæd, then in exile in the Kingdom of Kent.

Oswiu's nephew, Eanfrith's son Talorcan, may have also been established as a leading king among the Picts at this time.

Bede writes that the dispute was brought to a head by Oswiu's son Eahlfrith, who had adopted Roman usages at the urging of Wilfrid.

He was murdered at Easter in 656, perhaps with the connivance of his wife, Oswiu's daughter.

Although the sources are unclear, it is likely that some sort of agreement was reached at Iudeu: although Bede says that Oswiu's offers of treasure were rejected by Penda, who, Bede says, was determined to destroy Oswiu's people " from the highest to the lowest ", he does mention that Oswiu's young son Ecgfrith was being held hostage by the Mercians, perhaps as part of a deal.

However at this point, he does also refer to Oswiu's desire that Chad become bishop of the church in York.

Like Peada, he and his followers were baptised by Bishop Finan at one of Oswiu's estates called Ad Murum ( presumably in the region of Hadrian's Wall, possibly Walbottle ), 12 miles from the east coast.

With Oswiu's expulsion, the Bernician grip on East Saxon affairs seems to have slipped away and so when Sigeberht's successor, Swithhelm, son of Seaxbald, needed a candidate to stand sponsor at his baptism, he turned to the king of the East Anglians.

Bede summarises Oswiu's reign in this way: Oswald being translated to the heavenly kingdom, his brother Oswy, a young man of about thirty years of age, succeeded him on the throne of his earthly kingdom, and held it twenty-eight years with much trouble, being harassed by the pagan king, Penda, and by the pagan nation of the Mercians, that had slain his brother, as also by his son Alfred Ealhfrith of Deira | Ealhfrith, and by his cousin-german Ethelwald Œthelwald of Deira, the son of his brother who reigned before him.

Oswiu's mother may have been Æthelfrith's only recorded wife, Acha of Deira, Edwin's sister, but the apparent unwillingness of the Deirans to have him as their king may argue against this.

Further south, Æthelhere's brother Æthelwold may have been established with Oswiu's assistance, as well as that of his kinsman by marriage King Eorcenberht of Kent.

Cenwalh of Wessex, who had been driven out of his lands by Penda for putting aside his marriage to Penda's sister, may also have returned to power in this period, again with Oswiu's assistance.

Bede describes Oswiu's friendship and influence over Sigeberht of the East Saxons, but generally the pattern in the southeast is of more local domination, with Oswiu's influence unlikely to have been particularly strong.

Wulfhere appears to have taken over Oswiu's position in many instances.

Equally uncertain is the date of Oswiu's return to Northumbria.

The future kingdom of Northumbria was still composed of two distinct kingdoms in Oswiu's lifetime.

After Wilfrid's return to Northumbria in about 658, Cenwalh, King of Wessex, recommended Wilfrid to Alhfrith, Oswiu's son, as a cleric well-versed in Roman customs and liturgy.

In 674, he challenged Oswiu's son Ecgfrith of Northumbria, but was defeated.

He subsequently allied himself with Oswiu's enemy, Penda of Mercia, and assisted Penda during his invasion of Northumbria in 655.

The first half of Oswiu's reign was spent in the shadow of Penda, who dominated much of Britain from 642 until 655, seemingly making and breaking kings as it suited him.

Oswiu's overlordship was ended in 658 by the rise of Wulfhere of Mercia, but his reign continued until his death in 670, when Ecgfrith, one of his sons by his second wife, Eanflæd, succeeded him.

Diuma, an Irish monk and one of Oswiu's missionaries was subsequently ordained a bishop – the first to operate in Mercia.

Christianity finally gained a foothold in Mercia when Oswiu supported Peada as sub-king of the Middle Angles, requiring him to marry Oswiu's daughter, Alchflaed, and to accept her religion.

This victory was followed by Oswiu's short-lived imperium — he is traditionally counted as a Bretwalda — over much of Great Britain.

Oswiu's unchallenged domination of Britain lasted only a short time, ending when a revolt among the Mercians established Penda's son Wulfhere as their king.

The kingdom of Deira, lying between the North York Moors and the Humber, was ruled by a series of Oswiu's kinsmen, initially as a separate kingdom, later as a form of appanage for Oswiu's sons.

For the first decade of Oswiu's reign, Deira was ruled by an independent king, Oswine, son of the apostate Osric, who belonged to the rival Deiran royal family.

Oswiu's relations with Penda were not entirely peaceful between 642 and 655.

Oswiu's son Ealhfrith married Penda's daughter Cyneburh, while his daughter Ealhflæd married Penda's son Peada.

Here, Oswiu's offer of treasure is accepted, and is associated with the siege of a place named Iudeu.

King Sigeberht the Good of the East Saxons was Oswiu's ally.

Oswiu's total domination lasted only a short time, around three years.

The proximate cause was the death of Peada, supposedly poisoned by his wife, Oswiu's daughter Eahlflæd.

Probably in late 659, but perhaps in 657, a revolt led by three Mercian noblemen — Immin, Eata, and Eadberht — installed Penda's son Wulfhere as ruler of the Mercians and drove out Oswiu's supporters.

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