In Plato's Republic, the origin of the state lies in the natural inequality of humanity, which is embodied in the division of labour.

Because it is beyond being ( epekeina tes ousias is a phrase from Plato's Republic 509b ), it is also beyond thought, because thinking requires the determinations which belong to being: the division between subject and object, and the distinction of one thing from another.

* Diairesis, Plato's method of definition by division

Xenocrates made a more definite division between the three departments of philosophy, than Speusippus, but at the same time abandoned Plato's heuristic method of conducting through doubts ( aporiai ), and adopted instead a mode of bringing forward his doctrines in which they were developed dogmatically.

" In his view, Plato's historicist ideas are driven by a fear of the change that comes with such a liberal worldview.

In Plato's judgment, the arts play a meaningful role in society only in the education of the young, prior to the full development of their intellectual powers.

A centre for the arts, learning and philosophy, home of Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum, it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy, largely due to the impact of its cultural and political achievements during the 5th and 4th centuries BC in later centuries on the rest of the then known European continent.

Moreover, it is too readily forgotten that in the Republic what gave the initial impetus to Plato's excursus into the construction of an imaginary commonwealth with its ruling-class communism of goods, wives, and children, was his quest for a canon for the proper ordering of the individual human psyche ; ;

This painting by Anselm Feuerbach re-imagines a scene from Plato's Symposium ( Plato ) | Symposium, in which the tragedian Agathon welcomes the drunken Alcibiades into his home.

But he figures here more as a character written into some of Plato's dialogues, a young, debauched playboy, whom Socrates tries to convince to seek truth instead of pleasure, wisdom instead of pomp and splendeur.

To assume that knowledge in Plato's sense as described to be a belief that's true, it then means that before everything came into being, it was all to be conceived as total imagination by God until the set of truth.

Aristotle transformed Plato's forms into " formal causes ", the blueprints or essences of individual things.

In Plato's philosophy ( in particular, the Timaeus and the Philebus ), things were said to come into being in this world by the action of a demiurge who works to form chaos into ordered entities.

Plato's acceptance of the doctrine is characteristic of his sympathy with popular beliefs and desire to incorporate them in a purified form into his system.

He received the title of “ Plato's Philosopher King ” by the Greek refugees that he allowed into his empire because of his great interest in Platonic philosophy.

Plato is said to have introduced Sophron's works into Athens and to have made use of them in his dialogues ; according to the Suda, they were Plato's constant companions, and he even slept with them under his pillow.

Here Pletho met and influenced Cosimo de ' Medici to found a new Platonic Academy, which, under Marsilio Ficino, would proceed to translate into Latin all Plato's works, the Enneads of Plotinus, and various other Neoplatonist works.

Chrysoloras translated the works of Homer and Plato's Republic into Latin.

* Marsilio Ficino ( 1433 – 1499 ) Influential Italian humanist philosopher who revived Neoplatonism and was a leader in the Renaissance ; translated all of Plato's and Plotinus ' works into Latin, as well as many Neoplatonic authors and the Corpus Hermeticum.

When Plato gave Socrates ' definition of man as " featherless bipeds " and was much praised for the definition, Diogenes plucked a chicken and brought it into Plato's Academy, saying, " Behold!

By a decree of the oracle of Dodona, which required the Athenians to grant land for a shrine or temple her cult was introduced into Attica by immigrant Thracian residents, and, though Thracian and Athenian processions remained separate, both cult and festival became so popular that in Plato's time ( ca.

The experience that was had in this common course and condition, tried sundry years and that amongst godly and sober men, may well evince the vanity of that conceit of Plato's and other ancients applauded by some of later times ; and that the taking away of property and bringing in community into a commonwealth would make them happy and flourishing ; as if they were wiser than God.

Plato's ( and Plutarch's ) works are divided into numbers, and each number will be divided into equal sections a, b, c, d and e. As such, this system is often used to reference Plato-for example, Symposium 172a would refer the reader to the opening of Plato's Symposium.

The Socrates character in Plato's The Republic observed that " too much music effeminizes the male "; "… when a man abandons himself to music to play upon him and pour into his soul as it were through the funnel of his ears those sweet, soft ( malakos ), and dirge-like airs of which we were just now speaking …".

In Schleiermacher's view, the character of Socrates evolves over time into the " Stranger " in Plato's work, and fulfills a critical function in Plato's development as he appears in the first family above as the " Eleatic Stranger " in Sophist and Statesman, and the " Manitenean Stranger " in the Symposium.

He transformed Plato's philosophy into a school called Neoplatonism.

Plato's examples of what we might today call universals included mathematical and geometrical ideas such as a circle and natural numbers as universals.

At Athens " in Plato's time ," notes Kenneth Dorter " there was a discrepancy in the list of the twelve chief gods, as to whether Hestia or Dionysus was included with the other eleven.

He wrote at least 67 original works, which included 28 works on philosophy, 20 on medicine, 8 on law, 5 on theology, and 4 on grammar, in addition to his commentaries on most of Aristotle's works and his commentary on Plato's The Republic.

The 1989 anthology Foundation's Friends included the positronic robot stories " Balance " by Mike Resnick, " Blot " by Hal Clement, " PAPPI " by Sheila Finch, " Plato's Cave " by Poul Anderson, " The Fourth Law of Robotics " by Harry Harrison and " Carhunters of the Concrete Prairie " by Robert Sheckley.

The Gospel of Thomas was found among a collection of fifty-two writings that included, in addition to an excerpt from Plato's Republic, gospels claiming to have been written by Jesus's disciple Philip.

This collection contained fewer stories than In Dreams Begin Responsibilities and Other Stories but it also included a selection of some of Schwartz's best-known poems like " The Heavy Bear Who Goes With Me " and " In The Naked Bed, In Plato's Cave ".

His translation of Proclus ' commentary on Plato's Parmenides which included Plato's dialogue up to 142b in Stephanus pagination made this text available in Latin for the first time.

* Definitions ( Plato ), a dictionary of about 185 philosophical terms sometimes included in the corpus of Plato's works

Most accurately, the term refers to works in which Socrates is a character, though as a genre other texts are included ; Plato's Laws and Xenophon's Hiero are Socratic dialogues in which a wise man other than Socrates leads the discussion ( the Athenian Stranger and Simonides, respectively ).

Generally, the works which are most often assigned to Plato's early years are all considered to be Socratic dialogues ( written from 399 to 387 ), but many of his Middle dialogues ( written from 387 to 361, after the establishment of his Academy ), and Later dialogues ( written in the period between 361 and his death in 347 ) incorporate Socrates ' character and are often included here as well.

A 1986 Massachusetts Institute of Technology presentation of Kelley's performance Plato's Cave, Rothko's Chapel, Lincoln's Profile ( 1985 ) included a live performance by Sonic Youth ; the band later featured his orange-knit creatures on the cover and booklet of their 1992 record Dirty.

Plato's metaphysics, which also included both ascending and descending drives, is described.

The Epinomis forms part of the traditional canon of Plato's works ( for example, it is included in the ninth and last of the Thrasyllan tetralogies ).

Aristotle ( Plato's student at the Akademia ) included aether in the system of the classical elements of Ionian philosophy as the " fifth element " ( the quintessence ), on the principle that the four terrestrial elements were subject to change and moved naturally in straight lines while no change had been observed in the celestial regions and the heavenly bodies moved in circles.

His most important writings included Philosophical Arguments ( 1945 ), The Concept of Mind ( 1949 ), Dilemmas ( 1954 ), Plato's Progress ( 1966 ), and On Thinking ( 1979 ).

His translations to Icelandic included On Liberty by John Stuart Mill, Søren Kierkegaard's Repetitions, Plato's Phaedo, Descartes ' Meditations, all of whom were published by the Icelandic Literature Society, for which he served as a series chief editor for almost two decades.

Readings have included Sophocles ' Antigone, Plato's Gorgias, St. Augustine ’ s Confessions, Marx and Engels ’ The Communist Manifesto, Dubois ’ The Souls of Black Folk, Hayek ’ s The Road to Serfdom, Gramsci ’ s Prison Notebooks, Strauss ’ s Natural Right and History, and King ’ s Letter from Birmingham Jail.