The Sejm in 1182 in Łęczyca was the most notable of these councils, in that for the first time in Poland's history it established laws constraining the power of the ruler.

The liberum veto was finally abolished with the adoption of Poland's 3rd May Constitution in 1791, a piece of legislation which was passed as ' The Government Act ', and for which the Sejm required four years to propagate and adopt.

During the interwar period of Poland's independence, the first Legislative Sejm of 1919, a Constituent Assembly, passed the Small Constitution of 1919, which introduced a parliamentary-republic system and proclaimed the principle of the Sejm ’ s sovereignty.

On 2 September 1939, the Sejm held its final pre-war session, during which it declared it declared Poland's readiness to defend itself against invading German forces.

* Marszałek Sejmu and Marszałek Senatu: the respective speakers of the lower house ( Sejm ) and upper house ( Senate ) of Poland's parliament, usually nominated by the governing party or coalition ;

Poland's formal political life began in 1921 with adoption of a constitution that designed Poland as a republic modeled after the French Third Republic, vesting most authority in the legislature, the Sejm.

In the late 17th century and early 18th century the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth had been reduced from the status of a major European power to that of a Russian protectorate ( or vassal or satellite state ), with the Russian tsar effectively choosing Polish – Lithuanian monarchs during the free elections and deciding the outcome of much of Poland's internal politics, for example during the Repnin Sejm, named after the Russian ambassador who unofficially presided over the proceedings.

The failure of the war precipitated the Second Partition of Poland ( January 21, 1793 ), which after the Grodno Sejm reduced Poland's population to only one-third of what it was before the partitions began in 1772.

The party won 166 out of 460 seats in the Sejm and 39 seats in Poland's Senate.

He led the Democratic Left Alliance ( SLD ) for a time and was Speaker of the Sejm ( the lower, more powerful, house of Poland's parliament ) from 2001 to 2004.

Appointed Minister of Railways ( 1919 – 1920 ), in 1922 – 1930 he was a member of Poland's Sejm ( parliament ).

By decreasing the president's role in governance, executive power would further be concentrated in the prime minister, directly responsible to the cabinet and Sejm, as well as avoiding confusion over Poland's representation at international or EU summits.

Starting with modern Poland's first entirely free election, in 1991, she has been re-elected to the Sejm in each subsequent poll, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005 and 2007, serving on various committees, including the National Defense Committee and the Special Services Committee.

The impetus for the Czech invasion in 1919 was Poland's organising of elections to the Sejm ( parliament ) of Poland in the disputed area.

On 11 September 1998 the Sejm ( parliament ) of Poland declared the day of 27 September ( anniversary of the founding of the Service for Poland's Victory organization ) to be the Day of the Polish Underground State.

The Party was established during the Four-Year Sejm ( Great Sejm ) of 1788 – 92 by individuals that sought reforms aimed at bolstering the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including seeking to reassert Poland's independence from the Russian Empire.

It was intermittently under consideration, as permitted by Poland's intrusive neighbors, during the period of government reforms, beginning with the Convocation Sejm of 1764.

Public recourse is limited if the state relies on any other nation for major military support, e. g. then-communist Poland's and East Germany's reliance on the Soviet Union.

After Hitler's accession to power in 1933, Frank became Nazi Germany's chief jurist and Governor-General of occupied Poland's ' General Government ' territory.

Proposals in 1934 for an " eastern Locarno " pact securing Germany's eastern frontiers foundered on German opposition and on Poland's insistence that its eastern borders should be covered by any western guarantee of her borders.

Dr. Józef Retinger who was Sikorski's special political advisor at the time was also in agreement with Sikorski's concept of Poland's realigned post-war borders, later in his memoirs Retinger wrote ; " At the Tehran Conference, in November 1943, the Big Three agreed that Poland should receive territorial compensation in the West, at Germany's expense, for the land it was to lose to Russia in Central and Eastern Europe.

Over the centuries, the square has been named successively as the Saxon Square ( Plac Saski ) after Poland's Saxon kings with the Saxon Palace standing adjacent to the square, but destroyed in World War II ; then the Piłsudski Square ( after Józef Piłsudski ) during Second Polish Republic ; then briefly, the Adolf Hitler Platz during Germany's World War II occupation of Warsaw ; and, after 1946, the Victory Square () in honor of Poland's and her allies ' victory in World War II.

* marszałek województwa ( voivodeship marshal ): since 1999, the leader of the executive of a voivodeship ( one of Poland's 16 provinces ), elected by the regional assembly ( sejmik ), and co-existing with the government-appointed voivode ( governor ).

On his way to St. Petersburg, however, Bellotto accepted an invitation in 1764 from Poland's newly elected King Stanisław August Poniatowski to become his court painter in Warsaw.

At the time the Senate was composed of 111 senators, each of whom was elected to represent, along with a number of others, one of Poland's sub-national provinces.

During his term as Poland's first freely elected president, Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa refused to pardon Kukliński and a poll taken in 1998 found that more Poles ( 34 %) considered Kukliński a traitor than a hero ( 29 %), with many undecided.

Although the Commonwealth nobility quickly elected Sigismund's son Władysław IV Vasa as their new ruler, Poland's neighbours, expecting delays in the electoral process, tested the Commonwealth's perceived weakness.

Railways connect all of Poland's major cities and the state-owned PKP corporation, through its subsidiaries, runs a great number of domestic and international services of varying speed and comfort.

The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the establishment of seven new sovereign states in Poland's immediate neighborhood ( Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia ), of which Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia ( through the Kaliningrad Oblast ) border Poland.

On November 9, 2009, Chancellor Angela Merkel, walked through Brandenburg Gate with Russia ’ s Mikhail Gorbachev and Poland's Lech Wałęsa as part of the 20-year celebration of tearing down the Berlin Wall.

Hungary offered to send a 30, 000 cavalry corps to Poland's aid, but the Czechoslovakian government refused to allow them through, as there was a demilitarized zone on the borders after the Czech-Hungarian war that had ended only a few months before.

In the view of some observers, the treaty's incorporation of significant minority populations into Poland did not serve Poland's best interests, since these minorities persistently pursued independence and borders passing through ethnically-mixed areas would prove difficult to defend.

The Dunajec is 274 kilometers long, running through southern Poland for 247 kilometers, which makes it Poland's fourteenth longest river.

From the time when many Polish Americans were disenchanted with the American Catholic hierarchy's preponderance of Irish and German bishops, the PRCUA's history spans notable periods in the development of the Polish American ethnic group, from the time of early settlement by immigrants from Poland ( Poles ) through their development of ethnic identity, to their dual struggles in support of Poland's independence and to find their place in American society.

After that Uprising – the last in a series of 19th-century Polish uprisings – had been bloodily crushed by Poland's partitioners, the new generation of Polish patriots and politicians concluded that Poland's independence would not be won on the battlefield but through education and culture.

In addition, the proposed Russo-German pipeline through the Baltic Sea, is seen by Poles as aimed at cutting off Poland's natural gas supplies from Russia without damaging supply to Germany, and was even compared to the ignominious Molotov-Ribbentrop pact by Radosław Sikorski, Polish foreign minister.

The firm was created through the merger of Poland's two communist oil monopolies.

Walker continued to make major mistakes and had a very poor performance against Poland, twice conceding possession, once just outside the penalty box leading to Poland's goal, and nearly gifting Poland a second goal through a mix up with Chris Woods.

The station's exhaust is expelled through two tall chimneys, among Poland's tallest free-standing structures.

As Piłsudski and his adherents ( the " Piłsudskiites ") exerted a preponderant influence on Poland's government through nearly the entire interwar period, the Promethean agenda became integral to the operations of many Polish public institutions concerned with eastern European affairs.

As elsewhere in Central Europe, Poland's Stone Age cultures passed through stages known as the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic, each of which brought refinements in stone-tool-making techniques.