In Poland, hand-held pepper spray ( called precisely in Polish Penal Code " a hand-held disabling gas thrower ") is considered a weapon, but can be carried by anyone over 18 without further registration or permission.

The Polish – Soviet war likely happened more by accident than design, as it is unlikely that anyone in Soviet Russia or in the new Second Republic of Poland would have deliberately planned a major foreign war.

Poland was the only country in occupied Europe where death sentences were handed down to anyone helping Jews, as well as their entire family.

This law came into effect on June 9, 2010, so in Poland " anyone guilty of raping a child under the age of 15 can now be forced to submit to chemical and psychological therapy to reduce sex drive at the end of a prison term ".

In the chaos prevailing in the first months of 1919, it was unlikely that anyone in Bolshevik Russia, in the Republic of Estonia, or in the new Second Republic of Poland would have deliberately planned a major foreign war.

The Polish-Soviet war likely happened more by accident than design, as it is unlikely that anyone in Soviet Russia or in the new Second Republic of Poland would have deliberately planned a major foreign war.

" It was possibly because of this productivity that the Łódź Ghetto managed to survive long after all the other ghettos in occupied Poland were liquidated, though Rumkowski's maintenance of this system included systematically deporting potential political activists or anyone who might have had the capacity to lead resistance to the Nazis.

Marcinkiewicz concluded that he wouldn't want anyone to flee from Poland.

In Poland, western Ukraine, and Bukovyna, an extra plate and seat are always left for anyone, such as a drifter, to be accepted as a guest.

The duke was forced to consent to a condemnation of the teaching of Osiander, and the climax came in 1566 when the Estates appealed to King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland, Albert's cousin, who sent a commission to Königsberg.

Only the death of Stephen, the great hospodar of Moldavia, enabled Poland still to hold her own on the Danube River ; while the liberality of Pope Julius II, who issued no fewer than 29 bulls in favor of Poland and granted Alexander Peter's Pence and other financial help, enabled him to restrain somewhat the arrogance of the Teutonic Order.

Alexander Jagellon never felt at home in Poland, and bestowed his favor principally upon his fellow Lithuanians, the most notable of whom was the wealthy Lithuanian magnate Michael Glinski, who justified his master's confidence by his great victory over the Tatars at Kleck ( 5 August 1506 ), news of which was brought to Alexander on his deathbed in Vilnius.

Six weeks before the German invasion of Poland, Heschel left Warsaw for London with the help of Julian Morgenstern, president of Hebrew Union College, who had been working to obtain visas for Jewish scholars in Europe.

During the 1573 Polish election, Albert Frederick attempted to gain acceptance to the Polish senate but was opposed by the powerful Jan Zamoyski ( later Grand Hetman of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland ) who feared the influence of Protestants in the Polish legislative body.

Casimir III the Great () ( 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370 ) who reigned in 1333 – 1370, was the last King of Poland from the Piast dynasty, the son of King Władysław I the Elbow-high and Duchess Hedwig of Kalisz.

* A. M. Rosenthal ( 1949 ), former executive editor of The New York Times who championed the publication of the Pentagon Papers ; Pulitzer prize winning journalist expelled from Poland in 1959 for his reporting on the nation ’ s government and society

* Gunhilda of Poland, who married Swyen I " Forkbeard ", King of Denmark and England

Almost all Germans who returned or remained were expelled as the city was annexed by the Soviet Union and ceded to Poland in spring 1945, a decision by Stalin with full consent of the western Allies in the Potsdam Conference.

The European rights to the beer are owned by Heineken International, who brew and distribute a 4 % ABV Foster's in most European countries, including the United Kingdom, Greece, France, Belgium, Portugal, Poland, Finland, Germany, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine and Ireland.

As a result of this, Ebbinghaus left to join the University of Breslau ( now Wrocław, Poland ), in a chair left open by Theodor Lipps ( who took over Stumpf's position when he moved to Berlin ).

The History of Poland is rooted in the arrival of the Slavs, who gave rise to permanent settlement and historic development on Polish lands.

Following its emergence, the Polish nation was led by a series of rulers who converted the population to Christianity, created a strong kingdom and integrated Poland into the European culture.

In particular, the events in Berlin precipitated the Greater Poland Uprising, where peasants in Prussia, who were by then largely enfranchised, played a prominent role.

There were significant struggles between the Church and the communist rulers of Poland, who promoted abortion and birth control.

The hate speech laws in Poland punish those who offend the feelings of the religious by e. g. disturbing a religious ceremony or creating public calumny.

In Poland, where the bulk of Yiddish-speaking Jewry had established itself by the 18th century, three branches of Yiddishkheit emerged: those who opposed the predominant study of Kabbalah ( Jewish mysticism ) and those who supported it ; and the Yiddish theater culture of secularism also in Lithuania originally but getting to the whole Yiddish speaking society.

In the 17th century, liberal ideas began to influence governments in Europe, in nations such as The Netherlands, Switzerland, England and Poland, but they were strongly opposed, often by armed might, by those who favored absolute monarchy and established religion.

Kosiński, who was Jewish, was born Józef Lewinkopf in Łódź, Poland.

The Kosiński family survived the Holocaust thanks to local villagers who offered assistance to Jewish Poles, often at great personal risk ( the penalty in Nazi-occupied Poland being death ).

This union was contracted in connection with the Ascanian efforts to support the Junior Dukes in opposition to King Conrad III of Germany, who supported the deposed High Duke Władysław II as legal ruler of Poland.

Her paternal grandmother Elisabeth of Kujavia was the daughter of King Władysław I the Elbow-high, who had reunited Poland in 1320.

Between 1479 and 1484 his father spent most of his time in Vilnius attending to the affairs of Lithuania, while Casimir acted as the vice-regent in Poland.

During the time the emperor spent in Poland, Bolesław I did not hide the wealth of his country, in fact he showed off its affluence at every step as he tried to dazzle the emperor.

From 1936 to 1939, after following up on Birkhoff's suggestion, Ulam spent summers in Poland and academic years at Harvard University in Cambridge, MA.

After the success of That Most Important Thing: Love in 1975, he returned to Poland where he spent two years making The Silver Globe ( 1988 ).

Kilar has spent most of his life since 1948 in the city of Katowice in Southern Poland ,< ref >

In 1863, he left to join the insurrection in Poland, but he failed to reach his destination and spent some time in Switzerland and Italy.

He must have spent his childhood at the royal court of Poland in Gniezno.

A few notable footballers were either born in Tychy or spent some of their career at the club, the most famous being Real Madrid and Poland goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek.

However, he spent his early childhood in Stettin ( now in Poland ) where his father had been transferred for work reasons.

He spent the next several years in mainland Europe, moving through Germany, Italy, Poland, the Kingdom of Hungary and Austria.

Karłowicz spent much of his later years in Zakopane in southern Poland, often enjoying one of his favorite hobbies, photography, in the nearby mountain scenery.

After marrying his American-born wife, Masha Lipshitz, in Warsaw, Poland, in 1932, the couple spent about a year in Palestine where Hutner completed his research and writing of his Kovetz Ha ' aros on Hillel ben Eliakim's commentary on midrash sifra.

After many years of fighting to keep Orthodox Judaism alive from within the Soviet Union, he was forced to leave ; he continued to conduct the struggle from Latvia, and then Poland, and eventually the United States, where he spent the last ten years of his life.

Upon his return to Poland he was arrested and spent most of his time in prison until the beginning of World War II.

During his 30-year reign, he spent less than a total of three years in Poland, where the struggle between the House of Czartoryski and the Potocki paralysed the Sejm ( Liberum Veto ), fostering internal political anarchy and further weakening the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth.

After some time spent " on the shelf ", François received the command of the XXXXI Reserve Corps on 24 December 1914, and after a spell in the West, he returned to the Eastern Front in April 1915 where he took part in the Spring Offensive that conquered Russian Poland.

Instead, in the summer of 1944, they left Poland with the help of Heinrich Scholz and spent the last few months of the war in Münster, Germany hoping to somehow go on further, perhaps to Switzerland.

At the start of the war, the opposing troops remained behind their own defence lines, allowing the Germans to attack Poland, and at the end of the war, the invading forces spent more time than necessary at the half-finished, now-gutted Siegfried Line, thus allowing military manoeuvres in the east.

On September 11, Austrian army of 11, 000, allied with Poland, concentrated near Kraków and set off to Płock, where it spent winter.

He was born in Warsaw, Russian Empire ( now in Poland ) and died in New York City, USA, where he had spent much of his career as a professor at Columbia University.

Reichstein was born into a Jewish family at Włocławek, Congress Poland, and spent his early childhood at Kiev, where his father was an engineer.

The remainder of his life was spent on his estate of Klein-Öls ( today Oleśnica Mała, Poland ) in Silesia, a gift of the king.

He was a strong supporter of the anti-Polish policies of the Russian Empire, and expressed hope that there would be no Poland under any shape or name In 1816 he removed to St Petersburg, where he spent the happiest days of his life, enjoying the favour of Alexander I and submitting to him the sheets of his great work, which the emperor read over with him in the gardens of the palace of Tsarskoye Selo.

The later years of his life were spent chiefly in Paris, where he held an appointment in the Foreign Office and went much into society ; but he visited Germany and Poland in 1776.