In the Middle Ages, the sibilant that was inherited from Proto-Germanic was pronounced as an alveolo-palatal consonant or, unlike the voiceless alveolar sibilant that had developed in the High German consonant shift.

In Proto-Germanic such verbs had no ablaut -- that is, all forms of all tenses were formed from the same stem, with no vowel alternations within the stem.

The first known use of the word ball in English in the sense of a globular body that is played with was in 1205 in in the phrase, "" The word came from the Middle English bal ( inflected as ball-e ,-es, in turn from Old Norse böllr ( pronounced ; compare Old Swedish baller, and Swedish boll ) from Proto-Germanic ballu-z, ( whence probably Middle High German bal, ball-es, Middle Dutch bal ), a cognate with Old High German ballo, pallo, Middle High German balle from Proto-Germanic * ballon ( weak masculine ), and Old High German ballâ, pallâ, Middle High German balle, Proto-Germanic * ballôn ( weak feminine ).

Grimm's law ( also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or the Rask's-Grimm's rule ), named after Jacob Grimm, is a set of statements describing the inherited Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic ( the common ancestor of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family ) in the 1st millennium BC.

Some scholars have doubted that they were known outside Scandinavia ; however, there is evidence that the god Freyr is the same god as the Germanic deity Ing ( reconstructed as Proto-Germanic * Ingwaz ), and that, if so, he is attested as having been known among the Goths.

The known verbs in Proto-Germanic ( PGmc ):

Breeches is a double plural known since c. 1205, from Old English ( and before Old French ) brēc, the plural of brōc " garment for the legs and trunk ", from the Proto-Germanic word * brōkiz, whence also the Old Norse word brók, which shows up in the epithet of the Viking king Ragnar Loðbrók, Ragnar " Hairy-breeches ".

The Proto-Germanic language for example is deduced have developed in Scandinavia towards the end of the Nordic Bronze Age.

Proto-Germanic proper is hypothesized by some to have developed in the Jastorf culture of the Pre-Roman Iron Age.

Proto-Germanic * wanđijanan is a causative derivative of * wenđanan ‘ to wind, wrap ’, from which the modern English verb wind developed.

In Proto-Germanic etymology wīc or vik developed several meanings: Kildwick could mean a river port like Greenwich or a trading place like Norwich, however dairy farm does not apply for that meaning was only used in the south of England.

In a few texts on Old Norse, it, like German ä, represents short / æ /, the result of i-mutation of Proto-Germanic */ a /, and contrasts with e, which represents Proto-Germanic */ e /.

The theory was first proposed by Sigmund Feist in 1932, who estimated that roughly a third of Proto-Germanic lexical items came from a non-Indo-European substrate and that the supposed reduction of the Proto-Germanic inflectional system was the result of pidginization with that substrate.

Verner's law, stated by Karl Verner in 1875, describes a historical sound change in the Proto-Germanic language whereby voiceless fricatives * f, * þ, * s, * h, * hʷ, when immediately following an unstressed syllable in the same word, underwent voicing and became respectively the fricatives * b, * d, * z, * g, * gʷ.

( In Proto-Germanic, voiced fricatives were allophones of their corresponding voiced plosives when they occurred between vowels, semivowels and liquids, so we write them here as * b, * d, * g. But the situations where Verner's law applied resulted in fricatives in these very circumstances, so we understand these phonemes as fricatives in this context.

Notable among these are Grimm's law and Verner's law in Proto-Germanic, loss of prevocalic * p-in Proto-Celtic, reduction to h of prevocalic * s-in Proto-Greek, Brugmann's law and Bartholomae's law in Proto-Indo-Iranian, Grassmann's law independently in both Proto-Greek and Proto-Indo-Iranian, and Winter's law and Hirt's law in Balto-Slavic.

If the change of a sequence of fricatives such that one becomes a stop is dissimilation, then such changes as Proto-Germanic * χs to ( spelled x ) in English would count as a regular sound law: PGmc.

Tiw is the Old English form of the Proto-Germanic god * Tîwaz, or Týr in Norse, a god of war and law.

According to Grimm's law, the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ) voiceless stops * p, * t, * k and * kʷ usually became Proto-Germanic * f, * θ ( dental fricative ), * x and * xʷ ( velar fricative ).

The Oxford English Dictionary traces the origin of the word bridge to an Old English word brycg, of the same meaning, derived from the hypothetical Proto-Germanic root brugjō.

Lithuanian baltas, Latvian balts ) has a word meaning " the white, the good ", and Grimm speculates that the name may originate as a Baltic loan into Proto-Germanic.

Their memory also survives in the modern regional names of Bohemia ( Boiohaemum ), a mixed-language form from boio-and Proto-Germanic * haimaz, " home ": " home of the Boii ," and ' Bayern ', Bavaria, which is derived from the Germanic Baiovarii tribe ( Germ.

B. Rives points out in his introduction to Tacitus's Germania ( book ) and moreover that the name Boiorix can work in Proto-Germanic as well as Celtic.

Although all three languages share a common ancestor, Proto-Indo-European, English and German also share a more recent common ancestor, Proto-Germanic, while Russian does not.

However, they are considered to come from Proto-Germanic * ainlif and * twalif ( respectively one left and two left ), both of which were decimal.

The Old English word is derived from the Proto-Germanic * albiz, which also resulted in Old Norse álfr and Middle High German elbe.

The modern English word " evil " ( Old English ) and its cognates such as the German and Dutch are widely considered to come from a Proto-Germanic reconstructed form of * ubilaz, comparable to the Hittite huwapp-ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European form and suffixed zero-grade form.

Eos is cognate to Vedic Sanskrit ' Ushas ' and Latin Aurora, both goddesses of dawn, and all three considered derivatives of a PIE stem * H₂ewsṓs (→ * Ausṓs ), " dawn ", a stem that also gave rise to Proto-Germanic * Austrō, Old Germanic Ôstara and Old English Ēostre / Ēastre.

The name Freyja is in fact a title meaning " lady ", from Proto-Germanic * frawjōn, cognate with West Frisian frou, Dutch vrouw, Low German Fro, Fru, German Frau.

The connection with and possible earlier identification of Freyja with Frigg in the Proto-Germanic period ( Frigg and Freyja origin hypothesis ) is a matter of scholarly debate.

Like the name of the group of gods to which Freyja belongs, the Vanir, the name Freyja is not attested outside of Scandinavia, as opposed to the name of the goddess Frigg, who is attested as a goddess common among all Germanic peoples, and whose name is reconstructed as Proto-Germanic * Frijjō.

The Modern English word " fox " is Old English, and comes from the Proto-Germanic word fukh – compare German Fuchs, Gothic fauho, Old Norse foa and Dutch vos.

Frigg's name means " love " or " beloved one " ( Proto-Germanic * frijjō, cf.

The Germanic peoples ( also called Teutonic or Gothic in older literature ) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin, identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto-Germanic during the Pre-Roman Iron Age.

In Icelandic, articles, adjectives, personal names and nouns are all marked for case, making it, among other things, the closest living Germanic language to Proto-Germanic.

The English word house derives directly from the Old English Hus meaning " dwelling, shelter, home, house ," which in turn derives from Proto-Germanic Khusan ( reconstructed by etymological analysis ) which is of unknown origin.

Jacob Grimm theorized that Hel ( whom he refers to here as Halja, the theorized Proto-Germanic form of the term ) is essentially an " image of a greedy, unrestoring, female deity " and that " the higher we are allowed to penetrate into our antiquities, the less hellish and more godlike may Halja appear.

Modern etymology reconstructs Proto-Germanic * hagatusjon-from haegtesse and hagazussa ; the first element is probably cognate with hedge, which derives from PIE * kagh-" hedge, enclosure ", and the second perhaps from * dhewes-" fly about, be smoke, vanish.

South-Western Finland belonged to the Nordic Bronze Age, which may be associated with Indo-European languages and according to Finnish Germanist Jorma Koivulehto speakers of Proto-Germanic language in particular.

The word is derived from Old English īs, which in turn stems from Proto-Germanic isaz.

These features are believed to be innovations that took place in Proto-Germanic, a descendant of Proto-Indo-European that was the source of all Germanic languages.

The Dutch name Maas descends from Middle Dutch Mase, which comes from the presumed but unattested Old Dutch form * Masa, from Proto-Germanic * Masō.

The name Njörðr corresponds to that of the older Germanic fertility goddess Nerthus, and both derive from the Proto-Germanic * Nerþuz.