While previous Maragha school models were just as accurate as the Ptolemaic model, Ibn al-Shatir's geometrical model was the first that was actually superior to the Ptolemaic model in terms of its better agreement with both contemporary theory and empirical observations.

Since, however, his power was not well enough grounded to allow an attack on Syria, Antiochus considered that he might leave Achaeus for the present and renew his attempt on Ptolemaic Syria.

They are, however, of the Ptolemaic age, with the exception of a doorway of sandstone, built into a wall of brick.

Selene was not, however, made co-ruler, unlike many of the sister-wives of Ptolemaic kings.

Despite their embrace of the principle of rectilinear inertia and the recognition of the kinematical relativity of apparent motion ( which underlies whether the Ptolemaic or the Copernican system is correct ), natural philosophers of the seventeenth century continued to consider true motion and rest as physically separate descriptors of an individual body.

Under the instruction of Michael Maestlin, Tübingen's professor of mathematics from 1583 to 1631, he learned both the Ptolemaic system and the Copernican system of planetary motion.

* The Ptolemaic model of planetary motion: Based on the geometrical model of Eudoxus of Cnidus, Ptolemy's Almagest, demonstrated that calculations could compute the exact positions of the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets in the future and in the past, and showed how these computational models were derived from astronomical observations.

In the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, the epicycle ( literally: on the circle in Greek ) was a geometric model used to explain the variations in speed and direction of the apparent motion of the Moon, Sun, and planets.

Despite the fact that the Ptolemaic system is considered geocentric, the planets ' motion was not thought to be actually centered on the Earth.

At this time, Copernicus anticipated that he could reconcile the motion of the Earth with the perceived motions of the planets easily, with fewer motions than were necessary in the Alfonsine Tables, the version of the Ptolemaic system current at the time.

It was not until the 16th and 17th century that Copernicus, Galileo and Johannes Kepler with his three laws of planetary motion challenged the Ptolemaic system, proving the system to be wrong, and trying to prove that heliocentrism correct.

The Ptolemaic system of celestial motion, from Harmonia Macrocosmica, 1661.

* Kepler's laws of planetary motion, challenged Aristotelean and Ptolemaic astronomy and physics

Greek organizations in Ptolemaic Egypt were called koinon.

These invaders appeared in Asia Minor in 278 – 277 BC ; others invaded Macedonia, killed the Ptolemaic ruler Ptolemy Ceraunus but were eventually ousted by Antigonus Gonatas, the grandson of the defeated Diadoch Antigonus the One-Eyed.

Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice.

Two other fragmentary copies of the same decree were discovered later, and several similar Egyptian bilingual or trilingual inscriptions are now known, including two slightly earlier Ptolemaic decrees ( the Decree of Canopus in 238 BC, and the Memphis decree of Ptolemy IV, ca.

Ancient Greek was widely known to scholars, but the details of its use in the Hellenistic period as a government language in Ptolemaic Egypt were not familiar: large scale discoveries of Greek papyri were a long way in the future.

The physical basis for Ptolemaic models invoked layers of spherical shells, though the most complex models were inconsistent with this physical explanation.

It is also known from Livy that the mines and the forests were leased for a fixed sum under Philip V, and it appears that the same happened under the Argaead dynasty: from here possibly comes the leasing system that was used in Ptolemaic Egypt.

Towards the close of the 2nd century BC, when the Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms were equally depressed, the Nabataean kingdom came to the front.

The Eudoxan planetary model, on which the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic models were based, was the first geometric explanation for the " wandering " of the classical planets.

The renowned scribe Amenhotep and a wise man named Teôs were equally deified as gods of wisdom, science and medicine and thus placed alongside Imhotep in shrines dedicated to Thoth-Hermes during the Ptolemaic period.

Drusilla with her brother, were the only grandchildren of African king Juba I of Numidia, Ptolemaic Greek queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt and were among the younger grandchildren of Roman Triumvir Mark Antony.

Rising to the throne at the age of eighteen in 223 BC, his early campaigns against the Ptolemaic Kingdom were unsuccessful, but in the following years Antiochus gained several military victories.

They were only outlived by the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt by roughly 34 years.

Both enslavement for debt and debt bondage were practiced in Ptolemaic Egypt.

Later on, Egypt's Ptolemaic kings were to argue that Cleopatra I had received Coele-Syria as her dowry and, therefore, this territory again belonged to Egypt.

Later, in the Ptolemaic period of Egyptian history, chambers were constructed, painted with images of Bes and his wife Beset, thought by Egyptologists to have been for the purpose of curing fertility problems or general healing rituals.

In the Ptolemaic system the models for each of the planets were different and so it was with Copernicus ' initial models.

According to one school of thought in the history of astronomy, minor imperfections in the original Ptolemaic system were discovered through observations accumulated over time.

Faiyum's earliest Greek inhabitants were soldier-veterans and cleruchs ( elite military officials ) who were settled by the Ptolemaic kings on reclaimed lands.

If in any one calculation Ptolemy had had to invoke 83 epicycles all at once, while Copernicus never required more than one third this number, then ( in the sense obvious to Margenau ) Ptolemaic astronomy would be simpler than Copernican.

The lack of correspondence between Ptolemaic and historical names known to be ancient has no defense except in the case of the two Roman colonies, Aleria and Mariana.

This story may also be construed erroneously to show the power of Alexandria over Athens during the Ptolemaic dynasty.

Although Abu Ma ' shar al-Balkhi | Abu Ma ' shar believed Ptolemy to be one of the Ptolemaic dynasty | Ptolemies who ruled Egypt after the conquest of Alexander the Great | Alexander the title ‘ King Ptolemy ’ is generally viewed as a mark of respect for Ptolemy's elevated standing in science.

The decree concludes with the instruction that a copy was to be placed in every temple, inscribed in the " language of the gods " ( hieroglyphs ), the " language of documents " ( demotic ), and the " language of the Greeks " as used by the Ptolemaic government.

The germ of the idea is to be found in ancient writers who used sundials and Ptolemaic epicycles to illustrate the divine order of the world.

Zenobia claimed to be a descendant of Dido, Queen of Carthage ; Sampsiceramus, the King of Emesa ; and the Ptolemaic Greek Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt.

The identity of Cleopatra's mother is unknown, but she is generally believed to be Cleopatra V Tryphaena of Egypt, the sister or cousin and wife of Ptolemy XII, or possibly another Ptolemaic family member who was the daughter of Ptolemy X and Cleopatra Berenice III Philopator if Cleopatra V was not the daughter of Ptolemy X and Berenice III.

She was the first Ptolemaic queen to be a sole ruler of Egypt.

The Cretan city-states continue to be independent ( except Itanus and Arsinoe, which lay under Ptolemaic influence ) until the conquest of Crete in 69 BC by Rome.

In 238 BCE, the Ptolemaic rulers decreed that every 4th year should be 366 days long rather than 365.

* Observations that are incompatible with the Ptolemaic model: the phases of Venus, for instance, which simply couldn't happen, or the apparent motions of sunspots, which could only be explained in the Ptolemaic or Tychonic systems as resulting from an implausibly complicated precession of the Sun's axis of rotation.

With reference to Galileo's tidal theory, there would be no difference between the Ptolemaic and Tychonic systems.

I confirm this view not only by refuting Ptolemy's and Aristotle's arguments, but also by producing many for the other side, especially some pertaining to physical effects whose causes perhaps cannot be determined in any other way, and other astronomical discoveries ; these discoveries clearly confute the Ptolemaic system, and they agree admirably with this other position and confirm it.

One of the innovations in sculpture that occurred during the Middle Kingdom was the block statue, which would continue to be popular through to the Ptolemaic age almost 2, 000 years later.

He sent Lucullus to collect such a fleet as may be possible from Rome's allies along the eastern Mediterranean seaboard, first to the important but currently disturbed states of Cyrene and Ptolemaic Egypt.

If the monument is the tomb of Arsinoë, she would be the only member of the Ptolemaic dynasty whose remains have been recovered.

In the vicinity of the city, there are a great number of ancient cemeteries ( like Kom Ishu, Kom El-Farag, Sidi Ghazi, Kom Defshu, Kom El-Terfayeh, and Tell El-Kanaies ), where remains of pottery and some rocks from the Ptolemaic Era can be found.

Eumenes and Antimachos could be his heirs ; it was standard by Ptolemaic and Seleucid kings to include their sons as joint regents, with variable formal or actual power.

One night, Theodotus the Aetolian, formerly an officer of Ptolemy, sneaked inside the Ptolemaic camp and reached what he presumed to be the King's tent but Ptolemy was absent and so failed to assassinate him.

The legendary Alexander material originated as early as the time of the Ptolemaic dynasty ( 305 BC to 30 BC ) and its unknown authors are sometimes referred to as the Pseudo-Callisthenes ( not to be confused with Callisthenes of Olynthus, who was Alexander's official historian ).