It is both an extended discussion ( and polemic ) on Stoic physics, and an exposition of Aristotelian thought on this theme.

He accepted the Stoic categorization of philosophy into physics ( natural philosophy, including metaphysics and theology ), logic ( including dialectic ), and ethics.

He originated new ideas in Stoic physics, and developed Stoicism in accordance with the principles of materialism and pantheism.

Cleanthes revolutionized Stoic physics by the theory of tension ( tonos ) which distinguished Stoic materialism from all conception of matter as dead and inert.

Cleanthes regarded the Sun as being divine ; because the Sun sustains all living things, it resembled the divine fire which ( in Stoic physics ) animated all living beings, hence it too must be part of the vivifying fire or aether of the universe.

* Stoic physics

* Posidonius of Apamea, Greek Stoic philosopher and scientist ( d. 51 BC )

Posidonius completed his higher education in Athens, where he was a student of the aged Panaetius, the head of the Stoic school.

Although a firm Stoic, Posidonius was, like Panaetius and other Stoics of the middle period, eclectic.

Posidonius upheld the Stoic doctrine of Logos, which ultimately passed into Judeo-Christian belief.

Posidonius also affirmed the Stoic doctrine of the future conflagration.

Today, Posidonius seems to be recognized as having had an inquiring and wide-ranging mind, not entirely original, but with a breadth of view that connected, in accordance with his underlying Stoic philosophy, all things and their causes and all knowledge into an overarching, unified world view.

Franz Boll noticed the arguments were paralleled in older sources, particularly those of the Stoic philosopher Posidonius ( 135 BCE – AD 51 BCE ).

A distant precursor of Bergson can be found in the work of the pre-Christian Stoic philosopher Posidonius, who postulated a " vital force " emanated by the sun to all living creatures on the Earth's surface.

** Phanias ( Stoic philosopher ), a Stoic philosopher, disciple of Posidonius.

Although the antecedents of social contract theory are found in antiquity, in Greek and Stoic philosophy and Roman and Canon Law, as well as in the Biblical idea of the covenant, the heyday of the social contract was the mid-seventeenth to early nineteenth centuries, when it emerged as the leading doctrine of political legitimacy.

Three significant contributions of the Stoic school were ( i ) their account of modality, ( ii ) their theory of the Material conditional, and ( iii ) their account of meaning and truth.

Telesio can be seen as a Stoic, an Epicurean, a Parmenidian, and even though he resists the ideas of Aristotle with vigor, his overall theory is quite Aristotelian.

Leaving behind the religion of his childhood, sampling one philosophy after another, becoming secretary to the Stoic emperor Marcus Aurelius, Marius tests his author's theory of the stimulating effect of the pursuit of sensation and insight as an ideal in itself.

According to Edward Moore of St. Elias School of Orthodox Theology, Nebraska, Apokatastasis was first properly conceptualized in early Stoic thought, particularly by Chrysippus whose thinking was influenced by the theory of recurrence and cosmic cycles in Babylonian astronomical thought.

With Panaetius began the new eclectic shaping of Stoic theory ; so that even among the Neoplatonists he passed for a Platonist.

Middle Platonism was promoted by the necessity of considering the main theories of the post-Platonic schools of philosophy, such as the Aristotelian logic and the Stoic psychology and ethics ( theory of goods and emotions ).

The description of cosmic fire and renewal would sound congenial to Stoic ears as well as those trained in biblical traditions .”

* Diaeresis ( philosophy ), a term in Platonic and Stoic philosophy

Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta ( SVF, Old Stoic Fragments ), 1903.

Whereas the " higher " law Aristotle suggested one could appeal to was emphatically natural, in contradistinction to being the result of divine positive legislation, the Stoic natural law was indifferent to the divine or natural source of the law: the Stoics asserted the existence of a rational and purposeful order to the universe ( a divine or eternal law ), and the means by which a rational being lived in accordance with this order was the natural law, which spelled out action that accorded with virtue.

* Drawing on Greek Stoic sources, the Latin writer Varro distinguished three forms of such discourse: mythical ( concerning the myths of the Greek gods ), rational ( philosophical analysis of the gods and of cosmology ) and civil ( concerning the rites and duties of public religious observance ).

* Zeno of Citium ( 333 BC-264 BC ), founder of the Stoic school of philosophy

* Zeno of Tarsus ( 200s BC ), Stoic philosopher

* Schofield, M., ( 1991 ), The Stoic Idea of the City.

* Hunt, H., ( 1976 ), A physical interpretation of the universe: The doctrines of Zeno the Stoic.

Other works include Trilogy of Desire, which was based on the life of the Chicago streetcar tycoon Charles Tyson Yerkes and composed of The Financier ( 1912 ), The Titan ( 1914 ), and The Stoic.

* Stoic ( film ), a 2009 film by Uwe Boll

* HMS Stoic ( P231 ), an S class submarine of the Royal Navy in World War II

# present de facto condition ( Pelagianism, Beghards, Stoic influence ),

206 BC ), who was its third head, and who formalized much of Stoic doctrine.

* The Financier ( 1912 ), The Titan ( 1914 ), and The Stoic ( 1947 ), Theodore Dreiser's Trilogy of Desire, based on the life of the notorious transit mogul Charles Tyson Yerkes

* Diogenes of Babylon or " Diogenes the Stoic " ( c. 230 – c. 150 BC ), Stoic philosopher from Seleucia, frequently confused with the following

This first version was censored for being considered " subversive " because it portrayed Sebastian being deposed, its comments in favor of an Anglo-Spanish alliance and possible pro-Catholicism, which led to the final version changing to the story of Antiochus ( which led to historical inaccuracy in exaggerating his defeat at that phase in history to fit the earlier text ), turning Spaniards into Romans and the Catholic eremite into a Stoic philosopher.

135 BCE-51 BCE ), was a Greek Stoic philosopher, politician, astronomer, geographer, historian and teacher native to Apamea, Syria.

* William B. Irvine, ( 2008 ), A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy.