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Tacitus and Germania
The early detailed source, the Germania of Tacitus, has sometimes been interpreted in such a way as to provide yet other historical problems.
Tacitus stated that they traded with Rhaetia, which in Ptolemy is located across the Danube from Germania Superior.
On the one hand Tacitus ' Germania tells us ( Chapters 38, 39 ) that they occupy more than half of Germany, use a distinctive hair style, and are spiritually centered on the Semnones.
The name of the Angles is first recorded in Latinized form, as Anglii, in the Germania of Tacitus.
Possibly the first instance of the Angles in recorded history is in Tacitus ' Germania, chapter 40, in which the " Anglii " are mentioned in passing in a list of Germanic tribes.
The mix of fancy and fact in the Cronyke van Hollandt, Zeelandt ende Vriesland ( called the Divisiekronike ), first published in 1517, brought the spare remarks in Tacitus ' newly-rediscovered Germania to a popular public ; it was being reprinted as late as 1802.
* Tacitus Germania ( ca.
Tacitus claims that Domitian ordered his recall because Agricola's successes outshone the Emperor's own modest victories in Germania.
" Fichte located Germanness in the supposed continuity of the German language, and based it on Tacitus, who had hailed German virtues in Germania and celebrated the heroism of Arminius in his Annales.
* Tacitus: Germania, chapters 17, 44
* Tacitus: Germania ( with introduction and commentary by J. B. Rives ), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999.
In his work Germania, Tacitus records the veneration of the Alcis, whom he identifies with Castor and Pollux.
In the early Iron Age a word similar to Finns appeared for the first time in a written document when Tacitus mentions Fenni in his Germania.
Jacob Grimm lectured on legal antiquities, historical grammar, literary history, and diplomatics, explained Old German poems, and commented on the Germania of Tacitus.
At about this time, Tacitus, in his work Germania ( AD 98 ), describes the Lombards as such:
Tacitus in his Germania and Ptolemy recorded the Lugii ( Lygii ) in Magna Germania, and mentioned their town of Lugidunum, which has been attributed to both Legnica and Głogów.
Tacitus, in the late 1st century mentions ( Germania I. 42 ) the Marcommani as being under kings appointed by Rome.
* Tacitus Germania, at The Latin Library
Njörðr is often identified with the goddess Nerthus, whose reverence by various Germanic tribes is described by Roman historian Tacitus in his 1st CE century work Germania.
However, other copies call the same tribe Axones, and it is considered likely that it is a misspelling of the tribe that Tacitus in his Germania called Aviones.
In the late Icelandic Eddas, Tyr is portrayed, alternately, as the son of Odin ( Prose Edda ) or of Hymir ( Poetic Edda ), while the origins of his name and his possible relationship to Tuisto ( see Tacitus ' Germania ) suggest he was once considered the father of the gods and head of the pantheon, since his name is ultimately cognate to that of * Dyeus ( cf.
Here is also worth noting what Tacitus stated in his work Germania about capital punishment amongst the Germanic folk ; that none could be flogged, imprisoned or executed, not even on order of the warlord, without the consent of the priest ; who was himself required to render his judgement in accordance with the will of the god they believe accompanies them to the field of battle In the same source this god is stated being the chief deity.
Parallels have been drawn between chapter 31 of Tacitus ' 1st century CE work Germania where Tacitus describes that members of the Chatti, a Germanic tribe, may not shave or groom before having first slain an enemy.

Tacitus and author
Although Tacitus is usually considered to be the most reliable author of this era, his views on Domitian are complicated by the fact that his father-in-law, Gnaeus Julius Agricola, may have been a personal enemy of the Emperor.
So too could the first major English author to write in this style, William Painter, who borrowed from, amongst others, Herodotus, Plutarch, Aulus Gellius, Claudius Aelianus, Livy, Tacitus, Giovanni Battista Giraldi, and Bandello himself.
Tacitus, the Roman author, tells us that around this time Agricola had with him an Irish chieftain who later returned to conquer Ireland with an army.
His father, Professor Jean-Louis Burnouf ( 1775-1844 ), was a classical scholar of high reputation, and the author, among other works, of an excellent translation of Tacitus ( 6 vols., 1827-1833 ).
He shows the influence of Bolingbroke, of Swift, and above all of Tacitus, who appears to have been his favourite author.
He also edited the Ars poetica and Satires of Horace, the Agricola of Tacitus, the romance of Xenophon of Ephesus, and was the author of a history of the Latin poets of the Netherlands ( De vita, doctrina, et facultate Nederlandorum qui carmina latina composuerunt, 1838 ).
The ancient writers, beginning with Tacitus, who was the first Roman author to mention them in his Germania, provide very little information on the Aestii.
But as an author named Cornelius ( Tacitus ) informs us, it is gathered in the innermost islands of the ocean, being formed originally of the juice of a tree ( whence its name succinum ), and gradually hardened by the heat of the sun.
... no doubt, Tacitus remains the first author mentioned in this list.
In some passages the author deliberately imitates Sallust and Tacitus ; his style is, on the whole, vivid and trenchant, his information is exact, and in critical insight he is not inferior to Juan de Mariana.

Tacitus and mentions
According to Tacitus in his Annals, Boudica poisoned herself, though in the Agricola which was written almost twenty years prior he mentions nothing of suicide and attributes the end of the revolt to socordia (" indolence "); Dio says she fell sick and died and then was given a lavish burial ; though this may be a convenient way to remove her from the story.
Considering Dio must have read Tacitus, it is worth noting he mentions nothing about suicide ( which was also how Postumus and Nero ended their lives ).
There is sketchy evidence of a consort, in German named Zisa: Tacitus mentions one Germanic tribe who worshipped " Isis ", and Jacob Grimm pointed to Cisa / Zisa, the patroness of Augsburg, in this connection.
* Tacitus mentions the Suiones, who will one day be called the Swedes.
The Roman chronicler Tacitus even mentions that the rebellious Batavi pierced dikes to flood their land and to protect their retreat ( AD 70 ).
Tacitus charges that Livia was not altogether innocent of these deaths and Cassius Dio also mentions such rumours, but not even the gossipmonger Suetonius, who had access to official documents, repeats them.
Tacitus in Germania only mentions the Quadi in the same breath as the Marcomanni, alike in warlike spirit, alike governed by " kings " of their own noble stock, " descended from the noble line of Maroboduus and Tudrus ," the " Tudric " line apparently kings among the Quadi.
Tacitus mentions in passing that Porsenna, " when the city was surrendered ," did not violate the seat of Jupiter " ( the Capitol ).
The Roman historian Tacitus mentions that Agricola, while governor of Roman Britain ( AD 78-84 ), entertained an exiled Irish prince ( may be Túathal ), thinking to use him as a pretext for a possible conquest of Ireland.
The Roman historian Tacitus mentions Colchester ( Camulodunum ) in The Annals of Imperial Rome.
The Caledonian army, which Tacitus claims was led by Calgacus ( Tacitus only mentions him as giving a speech, probably fictitious ), was said to be over 30, 000 strong.
According to Tacitus ( Germania 43: 3 ) the Lugii were divided into many tribes (' civitates '), of which he mentions the five most powerful: Harii, Helveconae, Manimi, Helisii and Naharvali.
" Tacitus also mentions that some writers ( now lost ) claimed Nero poisoned her, though Tacitus does not believe them.
In the Roman Empire, the historian Cornelius Tacitus mentions a white flag of surrender in A. D. 109.
Tacitus also mentions it as the province of Germania Superior in his Annales ( 3. 41, 4. 73, 13. 53 ).
Tacitus mentions a king who ruled several territories as a loyal ally of Rome into the later part of the first century, called Cogidumnus in most manuscripts but Togidumnus in one.
Tacitus suggests that it was in this very region that the term Germani started to be used, even though he mentions a tribe Caesar did not mention, the Tungri. The name Germany, on the other hand, they say, is modern and newly introduced, from the fact that the tribes which first crossed the Rhine and drove out the Gauls, and are now called Tungrians, were then called Germans.
The inscription is notable because it mentions Gnaeus Julius Agricola, the Roman governor of Britain from AD 77-84, who is otherwise known from a biography written by his son in law Tacitus.
The Roman historian Tacitus mentions that Agricola, while governor of Roman Britain ( AD 78-84 ), entertained an exiled Irish prince, thinking to use him as a pretext for a possible conquest of Ireland.
Tacitus in his description of Magna Germania mentions Suevi: Marsigni, Osi, Gothini, Burii in what later became Silesia and Burgundiones and Lygii at the Vistula.

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