In Repetek ( Turkmenistan ), there live seven species of scorpions ( of which Pectinibuthus birulai is endemic ) in temperatures which vary from.

This species has been depicted on the stamps of Bhutan, The Gambia, the Isle of Man, Turkmenistan and Yugoslavia.

One species, the great gerbil, or Rhombomys opimus, originally native to Turkmenistan, can grow to more than 16 inches ( 400 mm ).

This species is native to the following countries: Afghanistan, China, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.

It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.

Afghan Turkestan is a region in northern Afghanistan, on the border with the former Soviet republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

The Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) is a loose alliance or confederation consisting of 10 of the 15 former Soviet Republics, the exceptions being Turkmenistan ( a CIS associate member ), Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Georgia.

It is situated in the valley of the Hari River, which flows from the mountains of central Afghanistan to the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan.

No seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea has been agreed upon and the usage of Caspian Sea water is a matter that remains unsettled by international agreement.

A daf is a large-sized tambourine used to accompany both popular and classical music in Iran, Azerbaijan, Turkey ( where it is called tef ), Uzbekistan ( where it's called childirma ), India ( where it is known as the Dafli ) and Turkmenistan.

While the ancient history of Turkmenistan is largely shrouded in mystery, its past since the arrival of Indo-European Iranian tribes around 2000 BC is often the starting point of the area's discernible history.

Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea to the west, Iran and Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the north-east, and Kazakhstan to the north-west.

Turkmenistan is slightly larger than California in territory, occupying 488, 100 km².

The Kopet Dag Range is a region characterized by foothills, dry and sandy slopes, mountain plateaus, and steep ravines ; Mount Şahşah ( 2, 912 m ), also known as Mount Rizeh, southwest of Ashgabat, is the highest elevation of the Kopet Dag Range in Turkmenistan.

Turkmenistan has a cold desert climate that is severely continental.

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, environmental regulation is largely unchanged in Turkmenistan.

The Demographics of Turkmenistan is about the demographic features of the population of Turkmenistan, including population growth, population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population.

The politics of Turkmenistan takes place in the framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Turkmenistan is both head of state and head of government.

Turkmenistan is sometimes described as a " reclusive ex-Soviet nation ".

The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan is the only one legally permitted.

Turkmenistan is dominated by a pervasive cult of personality extolling the late president as Türkmenbaşy (" Leader of all Turkmen "), a title he assumed in 1993.

His book, Ruhnama ( or Rukhnama ), which is revered in Turkmenistan almost like a holy text, has been translated into 32 languages and distributed for free among major international libraries.

Several cases of attacks on humans were recorded in the 19th century, occurring usually in central Asia excluding Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and the Far East.

Introduced to what was formerly Yugoslavia in the 1940s ( firstly recorded in 1949 ), it now has occupied probably its entire range in Europe from France to the Caspian Sea in the east, as well as penetrates into Central Asia: Turkmenistan ( from 1990-1993 ), Uzbekistan ( Fergana valley from 1996-1997 ), Kyrghyzstan, and southeastern Kazakhstan.

In particular, he refused to pass on to the government the revenues gained from custom taxes on goods from Iran and Turkmenistan.

Average annual temperatures range from highs of in Ashgabat to lows of in Daşoguz, on the Uzbek border in north-central Turkmenistan.

Like other CIS republics, Turkmenistan has established an Environmental Fund based on revenues collected from environmental fines, but the fines generally are too low to accumulate significant revenue.

After 69 years as part of the Soviet Union ( including 67 years as a union republic ), Turkmenistan declared its independence on 27 October 1991.

Foreign policy of Turkmenistan is based on the status of permanent positive neutrality recognized by the UN General Assembly Resolution on Permanent Neutrality of Turkmenistan on 12 December 1995.

Irrigation now depends mainly on the decrepit Garagum Canal, which carries water across Turkmenistan from the Amu Darya.

Recent statistics are not available on Turkmenistan ’ s labor force.

Air travel within Turkmenistan on the national carrier, Turkmenistan Airlines, is often claimed to be unreliable, but there have been no reported accidents.

The Government of Turkmenistan often appears to be trying to use the conflicting interests of these regional powers as a means to extract concessions from the others, especially on energy issues.

Turkmenistan has the fourth largest gas reserves and has been actively on the lookout to build transportation routes to large markets and the route through Afghanistan has been the most feasible and economical.

In addition, Afghanistan depends on Turkmenistan for meeting a large part of the country's electricity needs.

* China's ambassador to Turkmenistan, Lu Guisheng, comments on bilateral cooperation

A shallow lake, Sarygamysh Lake, sits on the border with Turkmenistan.

2200 – 1700 BC, located in present day Turkmenistan, northern Afghanistan, southern Uzbekistan and western Tajikistan, centered on the upper Amu Darya ( Oxus ), in area covering ancient Bactria.

The car was tested in an experimental military unit, on the proving grounds of the Ministry of Defence, and in the Turkmenistan Karakum Desert.

The Iran – Turkmenistan Friendship Dam is on the river.

Although modern Gorgan is only a city and county ( sharing the same name ), ancient Hyrcania was the name of a greater region on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea ( encompassing all of the present day Golestan province, as well as some eastern parts of the Mazandaran province, and some southern parts of the present day Republic of Turkmenistan ).