However, Sargon took this process further, conquering many of the surrounding regions to create an empire that reached westward as far as the Mediterranean Sea and perhaps Cyprus ( Kaptara ); northward as far as the mountains ( a later Hittite text asserts he fought the Hattite king Nurdaggal of Burushanda, well into Anatolia ); eastward over Elam ; and as far south as Magan ( Oman ) — a region over which he reigned for purportedly 56 years, though only four " year-names " survive.

The decipherment of Hittite mythical texts, notably the Kingship in Heaven text first presented in 1946, with its castration mytheme, offers in the figure of Kumarbi an Anatolian parallel to Hesiod's Uranus-Cronus conflict.

The oldest testimony of chariot warfare in the ancient Near East is the Old Hittite Anitta text ( 18th century BC ), which mentions 40 teams of horses ( 40? Í-IM-DÌ ANŠE. KUR. RA < sup >? I. A </ sup >) at the siege of Salatiwara.

A Hittite horse-training text is attributed to Kikkuli the Mitanni ( 15th century BC ).

It was the only long Hurrian text known until a multi-tablet collection of literature in Hurrian with a Hittite translation was discovered at Hattusa in 1983.

There is a possible reference to Atreus in a Hittite text known as the " Indictment of Madduwatta ".

To solve the mystery about the Hittite language, Bedřich Hrozný used two sentences that appeared in a text that reads NINDA-an ezzatteni watar-ma ekutteni.

The language is attested in cuneiform, in records from the 16th ( Anitta text ) down to the 13th century BC, with isolated Hittite loanwords and numerous personal names appearing in an Old Assyrian context from as early as the 20th century BC.

Its text, in the Hittite version, appears in the links below.

Although the majority of the text is identical, the Hittite version claims that the Egyptians came suing for peace, while the Egyptian version claims the reverse.

He is the earliest known ruler to compose a text in the Hittite language.

Anitta reigned in the 17th century BC ( short chronology ) and is the author of the Anitta text ( CTH 1. A, edited in StBoT 18, 1974 ), the oldest known text in the Hittite language ( and the oldest known Indo-European text altogether ).

This text seems to represent a cuneiform record of Anitta's inscriptions at Kanish, perhaps compiled by Hattusili I, one of the earliest Hittite kings of Hattusa.

Written in about 350 BC, the treatises of Xenophon were considered the earliest extant works on horsemanship in any literature until the publication by Bedřich Hrozný in 1931 of a Hittite text, that by Kikkuli of the Mitanni Kingdom, which dates from about 1360 BC.

The Hittite military oath ( CTH 427 ) is a Hittite text on two cuneiform tablets.

The text is in Old Hittite, with some scribal errors of the later copyists, and prescribes the oath to be taken by military commanders.

In comparison to the older oath the younger text shows that the Hittite pantheon was increasingly influenced by Hurrian gods.

A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name, The form Apaliunas (< sup > d </ sup >) is attested as a god of Wilusa in a treaty between Alaksandu of Wilusa and the Hittite great king Muwatalli II ca 1280 BCE.

Among the proposed etymologies is the Hurrian and Hittite divinity, Aplu, who was widely invoked during the " plague years ".

However, this story may reflect a cultural influence which had the reverse direction: Hittite cuneiform texts mention a Minor Asian god called Appaliunas or Apalunas in connection with the city of Wilusa attested in Hittite inscriptions, which is now generally regarded as being identical with the Greek Ilion by most scholars.

The earliest attested name is the Hittite Assuwa a region in central-western Anatolia which seems to be connected with the Mycenean Greek epithet a-si-wi-ja in Linear B inscriptions found at Pylos.

Ancient Anatolia is subdivided by modern scholars into various regions named after the various Indo-European ( and largely Hittite, Luwian or Greek speaking ) peoples that occupied them, such as Lydia, Lycia, Caria, Mysia, Bithynia, Phrygia, Galatia, Lycaonia, Pisidia, Paphlagonia, Cilicia, and Cappadocia.

In the earliest reference to this land, a letter outlining the treaty violations of the Hittite vassal Madduwatta, it is called Ahhiya.

Another important example is the Tawagalawa Letter written by an unnamed Hittite king ( most probably Hattusili III ) of the empire period ( 14th-13th century BC ) to the king of Ahhiyawa, treating him as an equal and suggesting that Miletus ( Millawanda ) was under his control.

A current modern interpretation is that the Hittite sacral hieratic hunting bag ( kursas ), a rough and shaggy goatskin that has been firmly established in literary texts and iconography by H. G.

The theme is of retribution: David's sin against Uriah the Hittite is punished by God through the destruction of his own family, and its purpose is to serve as an apology for the coronation of Bathsheba's son Solomon instead of his older brother Adonijah.

The name is perhaps pronounced and sometimes rendered in translations as Ellil in later Akkadian, Hittite, and Canaanite literature.

As Ea, Enki had a wide influence outside of Sumer, being equated with El ( at Ugarit ) and possibly Yah ( at Ebla ) in the Canaanite ' ilhm pantheon, he is also found in Hurrian and Hittite mythology, as a god of contracts, and is particularly favourable to humankind.

The oldest known iconographic representation of an instrument displaying the essential features of a guitar is a 3, 300-year-old stone carving of a Hittite bard.

* Cybele: Hittite name of her is Kubaba, but her name changed as Cybele in Phrygia and Roman culture.

* In David Gemmell's Troy trilogy Hektor is seen as a man of peace and would rather breed his horses than go to war but is forced by King Priam to fight for the Hittite empire against the Egytians at the Battle of Kadesh and other conflicts.

After Hattusa was made capital, the area encompassed by the bend of the Halys River ( Hittite Marassantiya, ) was considered the core of the Empire, and some Hittite laws make a distinction between " this side of the river " and " that side of the river ", for example, the reward for the capture of an eloped slave after he managed to flee beyond the Halys is higher than that for a slave caught before he could reach the river.

The Hittite kingdom is conventionally divided into three periods, the Old Hittite Kingdom ( ca.

The Hittite language ( or Nesili ) is recorded fragmentarily from about the 19th century BC ( in the Kültepe texts, see Ishara ).

The most valuable evidence, if relevant, are the treaties and letters mentioned in Hittite cuneiform texts of the same approximate era, which mention an unruly Western Anatolian warlord named Piyama-Radu ( possibly Priam ) and his successor Alaksandu ( possibly Alexander, the nickname of Paris ) both based in Wilusa ( possibly Ilion / Ilios ), as well as the god Apaliunas ( possibly Apollo ).

The letter describes one Piyama-Radu as a troublesome rebel who overthrew a Hittite client king and thereafter established his own rule over the city of Troy ( mentioned as Wilusa in Hittite ).

A further theory, mentioned by Egyptian hieroglyphs, is that the destruction of the palaces is related to the attacks of the mysterious Sea Peoples who destroyed the Hittite Empire and then attacked the 19th then the 20th dynasties of Egypt.

A more famous momument, a full-faced statue carved in rock mentioned by Pausanias is a statue of Cybele, said by Pausianias to have been carved by Broteas is in fact Hittite.

The various Canaanite nations of the Bronze to Iron Ages are mentioned in the Bible, Mesopotamian ( Assyrian and Babylonian ), Hittite and Ancient Egyptian texts.

Hurrians are mentioned in the private Nuzi texts, in Ugarit, and the Hittite archives in Hattushsha ( Boğazköy ).

But Hittite governors or vassal rulers are mentioned only for some cities and kingdoms.

Uriah the Hittite ( Hebrew: אוריה החתי ) was a soldier in King David ’ s army mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.

The definition is dependent on corresponding Caria and the Carians to the " Karkiya " or " Karkisa " mentioned in the Hittite records.

Bronze Age Karkisa are first mentioned as having aided the Assuwa League against the Hittite King Tudhaliya I.

In 1274 BC, Karkisa are also mentioned among those who fought on the Hittite Empire side against the Egyptians in the Battle of Kadesh.

It has been proposed by some biblical scholars that Mahalath is another name for Esau's wife Basemath who is mentioned in Genesis 36 ; J. B. Phillips suggests that Esau changed the names of his Hittite wives as a way of pacifying his parents for the grief he caused them when he married Canaanite women, since he had two wives in his life called Basemath, he had to change the Ishmaelite's name, of which he chose: Mahalath.

However, one scholar has recently argued that Luwiya and Arzawa were two separate entities, because Luwiya is mentioned in the Hittite Laws as a part of the Hittite Old Kingdom, whereas Arzawa was independent from the Hittites during this period.

" Hittite " is a modern name, chosen after the identification of the Hatti kingdom with the Hittites mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.

This list has excited considerable interest over the years because it has been a challenge to identify all of the locations, as it represents such a broad swath of the Hittite subject lands, and because of the appearance of several west Anatolian lands, apparently including the Dardanians mentioned by Homer.

The Ahlamû (= wanderers ) are first mentioned in the el-Amarna letters alluding to the king of Babylon ; the presence of the Ahlamû are also attested in Assyria, Nippur and even at Dilmun ( Bahrain ); Shalmaneser I ( 1274-1245 BC ) defeated the Shattuara, King of Mitanni and his Hittite and Ahlamû mercenaries are mentioned in the Jazirah.

In this period, which is conjectured to start sometime after 2000 BC and end sometime before 1200 BC, the " sons of Heth " or " children of Heth " ( בני-חת, BNY-HT ) and the label " Hittite " ( HTY ) are mentioned multiple times, but referring to essentially only two events.

A connection was made in Armenian historiography of the Soviet era, with Hayasa mentioned in Hittite inscriptions.

Broad beans remained prominent though, be it in the Near East where the seeds are mentioned in Hittite and Ancient Egyptian sources dating from more than 3, 000 years ago as well as in the Bible, or in the large Celtic Oppidum of Manching from La Tène Europe some 2, 200 years ago.

The wife of Uriah the Hittite mentioned as the mother of Solomon is Bathsheba.

1: 5 mentions Ruth and Rahab while in 1: 6 Bathsheba, wife of Uriah the Hittite, is mentioned indirectly.