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class and action
As of 2002, the city of Seattle had paid over $ 200, 000 in settlements of lawsuits filed against the Seattle Police Department for assault and wrongful arrest, with a class action lawsuit still pending.
In law, a class action, a class suit, or a representative action is a form of lawsuit in which a large group of people collectively bring a claim to court and / or in which a class of defendants is being sued.
Class actions are commonly referred to as class action suits ; however, this phrase is redundant as the historical distinction between " actions " at law and " suits " in equity is no longer recognized.
The procedure for filing a class action is to file suit with one or several named plaintiffs on behalf of a proposed class.
Typically these cases result from an action on the part of a business or a particular product defect or policy that applied to all proposed class members in a typical manner.
Upon the motion to certify the class, the defendants may object to whether the issues are appropriately handled as a class action, to whether the named plaintiffs are sufficiently representative of the class, and to their relationship with the law firm or firms handling the case.
Due process requires in most cases that notice describing the class action be sent, published, or broadcast to class members.
In federal civil procedure law, which has also been accepted by approximately 35 states ( through adoption of state civil procedure rules similar to the federal rules ), the class action must have certain definite characteristics ( often referred to by the acronym CANT ):
# Numerosity — the class must be so large as to make individual suits impractical ( in other words, that the class action is a superior vehicle for resolution than numerous individual suits ), and
The ancestor of the class action was what modern observers call " group litigation ," which appears to have been quite common in medieval England from about 1200 onward.
The oldest predecessor to the class action rule was Equity Rule 48, promulgated in 1833, which allowed for representative suits in situations where there were too many individual parties ( which now forms the first requirement for class action litigation, numerosity ).
A major revision of the FRCP in 1966 radically transformed Rule 23, made the opt-out class action the standard option, and gave birth to the modern class action.

class and plaintiff
After the complaint is filed, the plaintiff must file a motion to have the class certified.
# the plaintiff was a member of the statute's protected class.
Michael Avenatti, the plaintiff ’ s attorney, said more than 800 families have joined the class action suit.
Where a class action lawsuit is brought, with one named plaintiff actually representing the interests of many others, the case will not become moot even if the named plaintiff ceases to belong to the class that is seeking a remedy.
In Sosna v. Iowa,, the plaintiff represented a class that was challenging an Iowa law that required persons to reside there for a year before seeking a divorce in Iowa's courts.
The Supreme Court held that, although the plaintiff successfully divorced in another state, her attorneys could continue to competently advance the interests of other members of the class.
The Tennessee class action proceeded with various hearings and motions being filed before the plaintiff class ultimately decided to proceed with the class-action filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.
The plaintiff class filed a Motion to Enforce the Settlement Agreement alleging a settlement agreement had been reached between the parties, and that the court should enforce the settlement agreement.
In a California class action suit filed on February 17, 2005, Minton v. Herbalife International, et al., the plaintiff is " challenging the marketing practices of certain Herbalife International independent distributors and Herbalife International under various state laws prohibiting " endless chain schemes ", insufficient disclosure in assisted marketing plans, unfair and deceptive business practices, and fraud and deceit ".
In a class action, a single plaintiff or small group of plaintiffs seeks to proceed on behalf of an entire class who allegedly have been harmed by the same conduct by the same defendants.
The Act gives federal courts jurisdiction to certain class actions in which the amount in controversy exceeds $ 5 million, and in which any of the members of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen of a state different from any defendant, unless at least two-thirds or more of the members of all proposed plaintiff classes in the aggregate and the primary defendants are citizens of the state in which the action was originally filed.
In a 2006 class action lawsuit, West v. Carfax, Inc., the plaintiff claimed that Carfax violated consumer protection laws by not disclosing the limitations of their service, specifically their inability to check accident records in 23 states in the U. S. while stating that their database contains information from all 50 states.
* Under the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005, a class action can usually be brought in a federal court when there is just minimal diversity, such that any plaintiff is a citizen of a different state from any defendant.
Barbara Handschu was a lead plaintiff in the 1971 class action suit Handschu v. Special Services Division, 605 F. Supp.
# Whether the plaintiff is part of the class of persons " for whose especial benefit " the statute was enacted,
The Court, stating that the female plaintiff was within the class protected by the statute, that Congress had intended to create a private right of action to enforce the law, that such a right of action was consistent with the remedial purpose Congress had in mind, and that discrimination was a matter of traditionally federal and not state concern.
# Is the plaintiff a member of a special class for whose benefit the statute was enacted?
It allows judges to decide the most adequate plaintiff in class actions.

class and seeks
As with the anarchists, they too saw the Bolshevik take-over of the soviets ( like that of the trade unions ) as subverting the revolution and beginning the restoration of domination and exploitation ... Over the years this emphasis on working class autonomy has resulted in a reinterpretation of Marxist theory that has brought out the two-sided character of the class struggle and shifted the focus from capital ( the preoccupation of orthodox Marxism ) to the workers ... As a result, not only has there been a recognition that capitalism seeks to subordinate everyone's life ( from the traditional factory proletariat to peasants, housewives and students ) but that all those peoples ' struggles involve both the resistance to this subordination and the effort to construct alternative ways of being.
Democratic socialism generally refers to any political movement that seeks to establish an economy based on economic democracy by and for the working class.
In the course of economic relations, the working class and the bourgeoisie continually engage in class struggle, wherein the capitalists exploit the workers, whilst the workers resist their economic exploitation, which occurs because the worker owns no means of production, and, to earn a living, he or she seeks employment from the bourgeois capitalist ; the worker produces goods and services that are property of the employer, who sells them for a price.
The Portable. NET class library seeks to provide facilities for application development.
The professional-managerial class seeks higher rank status and salary, and tend to have incomes above the average for their country.
Another is the Yamabe problem, which seeks extremal metrics in a given conformal class for which the scalar curvature is constant.
Thus for Đilas the new class not only seeks expanded material reproduction to politically justify its existence to the working class, but it also seeks expanded reproduction of political control as a form of property in itself.
Throughout the novel, she seeks to marry a man because her aunt keeps pressuring her and she idolizes wealth and social class, neither of which she could achieve without a husband during this time period.
A Feet First ( FF ) Motorcycle is a class of motorcycle design that seeks to look at the two-wheeled concept afresh, and create a new form of practical personal transport.
Still others ( for example, Council communists ) allege, like anarchists, that there is a class comprising intellectuals, technocrats and managers which seeks power in its own right.
Eden comes from a working-class background, but he seeks self-improvement rather than improvement for his class as a whole.
It seeks not to replace one form of exploitation with another but to do away with all forms of exploitation and indeed ultimately to eliminate all class distinctions.
Craft unionism refers to organizing a union in a manner that seeks to unify workers in a particular industry along the lines of the particular craft or trade that they work in by class or skill level.
" SAT, an educational and cultural organisation rather than an overtly political one, tries to induce its members to be understanding and tolerant of the political and philosophical schools or systems that lie at the base of the various workers ' parties that are oriented toward class struggle and of trade-union movements ; it seeks, by means of comparison of facts and ideas and by means of free discussion, to enable its members to avoid the dogmatisation of the teachings they encounter in their particular milieus.
In a West Virginia class action suit filed on July 16, 2003, Mey v. Herbalife International, Inc., et al., the plaintiffs allege that some " telemarketing practices of certain Herbalife International distributors violate the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, or TCPA, and seeks to hold Herbalife International vicariously liable for the practices of these distributors.
In a capitalist, bourgeois society, Marxist revolutionary praxis seeks to achieve the social and political circumstances that will render the ruling class as politically illegitimate, as such, it is requisite for the successful deposition of the capitalist system of production.
Katherine comes to know many of the students in her class well and seeks to inspire them to seek more than marriage to eligible young men.
Luckily, his class of Nazi youths turn out to be sympathetic Austrians and they help him obtain the secret he seeks.
Additionally, the ruling class usually avoids the more outlandish claims of being the direct incarnation of a god, and prefers to be the descendants of gods, or seeks other justifications for its rule.

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