" Sui-Nam Lee observed that " communication imperialism can be defined as the process in which the ownership and control over the hardware and software of mass media as well as other major forms of communication in one country are singly or together subjugated to the domination of another country with deleterious effects on the indigenous values, norms and culture.

However, following Fender's example, electric guitarists traditionally reverse these meanings when speaking of hardware devices and the effects they produce.

Digital instruments typically discourage users from experimentation, due to their lack of the feedback and direct control that switches and knobs would provide, but patch editors give owners of hardware instruments and effects devices the same editing functionality that is available to users of software synthesizers.

Some systems use dedicated hardware to reduce the load on the host CPU, as with Symbolic Sound Corporation's Kyma System, and the Creamware / Sonic Core Pulsar / SCOPE systems, which used several DSP chips hosted on a PCI card to power an entire studio's worth of instruments, effects, and mixers.

This unit provides a variety of real-time controllers, which can manipulate various sound design parameters of computer-based or standalone hardware instruments, effects, mixers and recording devices.

However, IBM's mainframe hardware business has not been immune to the recent overall downturn in the server hardware market or to model cycle effects.

There are some cases, such as with hardware timing or testing, where operations are inserted specifically for their temporal side effects e. g. or < code > for ( i = 0 ; i < 10000 ; i ++)

The introduction of the ZX Spectrum led to a boom in companies producing software and hardware for the machine, the effects of which are still seen ; some credit it as the machine which launched the UK IT industry.

Originally developed as the " Dartmouth Digital Synthesizer " by Dartmouth College Professor Jon Appleton, in association with NED co-founders Cameron W. Jones and Sydney A. Alonso, the Synclavier would become the pioneering prototype hardware and software system for all digital non-linear synthesis, polyphonic sampling, magnetic ( hard-disk ) recording and sequencing systems technology that is commonplace in all music and sound effects / design today.

These games were usually called " straight ports " and did not utilize Amiga specific features, such as the blitter and hardware sprites ( useful for animations ), copper ( useful for raster effects ) and superior color capabilities ( the Amiga has larger color palette and can display more colors at the same time ).

Today many musicians use digital hardware and software devices to create and modify loops, often in conjunction with various electronic musical effects.

The original Atari version of Jumpman includes a number of graphics effects designed around that computer's hardware features such as its Display Line interrupts.

Direct3D exposes the advanced graphics capabilities of 3D graphics hardware, including z-buffering, spatial anti-aliasing, alpha blending, mipmapping, atmospheric effects, and perspective-correct texture mapping.

These effects are then applied during playback through either hardware or software.

Beatmania gave birth to several spinoffs, such as the Beatmania IIDX series ( a more advanced version featuring 7-keys and higher difficulty levels ) and the other being Beatmania III, a remake of the 5-key series which featured a more modern hardware platform, a pedal for optional effects and a 3. 5 " floppy disk drive to save play records.

; Digital signal processing: This enabled the music workstation to generate effects such as reverb or chorus within its hardware, rather than relying on external devices.

The compiler is limited in issuing speculative execution instruction, since it requires hardware assistance to buffer the effects of speculatively-executed instructions.

Without hardware support, the compiler could only issue speculative instructions which have no side effects in case of wrong speculation.

It also sported a few hardware DSP effects like reverb.

This version brings DSP built-in effects with 8-track audio recording and playback using only native hardware.

VST MIDI effects process MIDI messages prior to routing the MIDI data to other VST instruments or hardware devices ; for example, to transpose or create arpeggios.

It is also possible for Super Game Boy games to make use of the SNES hardware for extra effects, as demonstrated in Contra: The Alien Wars, Donkey Kong, Kirby's Dream Land 2, A Bug's Life, Animaniacs and Toy Story ; these games had expanded sound when used with the Super Game Boy.

For 3D effects, a hardware Z-buffer was available.

Specifically, at speeds of OC-3 and above, the cost of segmentation and reassembly ( SAR ) hardware makes ATM less competitive for IP than Packet Over SONET ( POS ); because of its fixed 48-byte cell payload, ATM is not suitable as a data link layer directly underlying IP ( without the need for SAR at the data link level ) since the OSI layer on which IP operates must provide a maximum transmission unit ( MTU ) of at least 576 bytes.

A central processing unit ( CPU ), also referred to as a central processor unit, is the hardware within a computer system which carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input / output operations of the system.

The strategy is based on a coupling of special microprocessor hardware features, often involving the memory management unit, to a special correctly implemented operating system kernel.

CPU design is the design engineering task of creating a central processing unit ( CPU ), a component of computer hardware.

Future versions of the system added a stack unit and hardware multiply / divide.

Replacement was cost-prohibitive because of the expensive requirement for flight certification ; the legacy hardware used completed the expensive integration and certification requirement for flight, but any new equipment would have had to go through that entire process – requiring extensive tests of the new components in their new configurations – before a single unit could be used in the Space Shuttle program.

The IBM System / 360 has a 32-bit architecture with 16 general-purpose registers, but most of the System / 360 implementations actually use hardware that implemented a much simpler underlying microarchitecture ; for example, the System / 360 Model 30 had 8-bit data paths to the arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) and main memory and implemented the general-purpose registers in a special unit of higher-speed core memory, and the System / 360 Model 40 had 8-bit data paths to the ALU and 16-bit data paths to main memory and also implemented the general-purpose registers in a special unit of higher-speed core memory.

However, later versions of the Game Gear and the cost-reduced Majesco Core Game Gear hardware are incompatible with the unit, as it lacks the video pass through.

The hardware that operates during this stage is contained in the EBOX, which comprises the register file, arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ), barrel shifter, multiplier and condition code logic.

Virtual memory is an integral part of a computer architecture ; implementations require hardware support, typically in the form of a memory management unit built into the CPU.

Page tables are used to translate the virtual addresses seen by the application into physical addresses used by the hardware to process instructions ; such hardware that handles this specific translation is often known as the memory management unit.

In systems without any floating-point hardware, the CPU emulates it using a series of simpler fixed-point arithmetic operations that run on the integer arithmetic logic unit.

A rigid coupling is a unit of hardware used to join two shafts within a motor or mechanical system.

* GSM interworking unit ( GIWU )- The GIWU consists of both hardware and software that provides an interface to various networks for data communications.

In many modern CPUs, the protection of the memory that hosts the TCB is achieved by adding in a specialized piece of hardware called the memory management unit ( MMU ), which is programmable by the operating system to allow and deny access to specific ranges of the system memory to the programs being run.

One well-known product is the Google Search Appliance, a unit that combines hardware and software in an out-of-the-box packaging.

Antique punchcard-reading unit record equipment would literally halt once a card processing task was completed, since there was no need for the hardware to continue operating, until a new stack of program cards were loaded.

Like laptops, all-in-one desktop computers are characterized by a comparative lack of upgradeability or hardware customization, as internal hardware is often placed in the back of the visual display unit.

A separate hardware load / store unit handled the actual data movement independently of the operation of the instruction stream, allowing other operations to complete while memory was being accessed, which required ( best case ) eight cycles.