In academia, peer review is common in decisions related to faculty advancement and tenure.

Further, unlike academia, where peer review happens on a per study basis, RAMP does a peer review of the entire organization only once every five years.

The lack of acceptance of ufology by academia as a field of study means that people can claim to be " UFO researchers ", without the sorts of scientific consensus building and, in many cases peer review, that otherwise shape and influence scientific paradigms.

In academia, the peer review process is occasionally cited as suppressing dissent against " mainstream " theories ( part of an overall system of " suppression of intellectual dissent ").

The final product thus reflects the review and criticism of experienced members of the bench, bar, and academia.

In academia, salami slicing refers to the practice of creating several publications out of material that could have been published in a single journal or review.

The Dagstuhl seminars which are established after review and approval by the Scientific Directorate bring together personally invited scientists from academia and industry from all over the world to discuss their newest ideas and problems.

In academia, a similar approach is used, with the added safeguard of including several layers of committee review of the proposed promotion using committees which include members of other faculty and experts from other universities.

Academic elitism is the criticism that academia or academicians are prone to elitism, or that certain experts or intellectuals propose ideas based more on support from academic colleagues than on real world experience.

This can be either a Masters or Doctoral level degree ; while in certain specialties a Ph. D. is notably more common than in others, it is hardly ever the majority ( except in academia ).

Latour suggests that about 90 % of contemporary social criticism in academia displays one of two approaches which he terms “ the fact position and the fairy position .” ( p. 237 ) The fact position is anti-fetishist, arguing that “ objects of belief ” ( e. g., religion, arts ) are merely concepts onto which power is projected ; the “ fairy position ” argues that individuals are dominated, often covertly and without their awareness, by external forces ( e. g., economics, gender ).

Computer music is a term that was originally used within academia to describe a field of study relating to the applications of computing technology in music composition ; particularly that stemming from the Western art music tradition.

Note: There is some confusion about the term ' compression ratio ', particularly outside academia and commerce.

Despite criticism by sections of academia, Thomas ' work has been embraced by readers more so than many of his contemporaries, and is one of the few modern poets whose name is recognised by the general public.

As she wrestles with the case, trying to narrow down the list of suspects and avert a major scandal, Harriet is forced to examine her ambivalent feelings about love and marriage, along with her attraction to academia as an intellectual ( and emotional ) refuge.

The conflict between international law and national sovereignty is subject to vigorous debate and dispute in academia, diplomacy, and politics.

While there is little scholarly debate about the existence of some of these differences, their causes remain highly controversial both within academia and in the public sphere.

The term Islamism is considered to have first begun to acquire its contemporary connotations in French academia between the late 1970s and late 1980s.

The work is done by some 10, 000 electrical and electronics experts from industry, government, academia, test labs and others with an interest in the subject.

TeX is mainly used in academia, where it is the de facto standard in many scientific disciplines.

Philosophy of religion is frequently discussed outside of academia through popular books and debates, mostly regarding the existence of God and problem of evil.

There is no widely accepted formal definition of either race or intelligence in academia, and any discussion of their connection involves studies from multiple disciplines, including psychology, anthropology, biology, and sociology.

In the field of legal academia, Peter Swire has written about the trade-off between the notion that " security through obscurity is an illusion " and the military notion that " loose lips sink ships " as well as how competition affects the incentives to disclose.

It is important to note that the word " rape " was rarely used in newspapers or academia in the early 20th century.

The first U. S. Supreme Court case to uphold the ban against involuntary servitude was Bailey v. Alabama ( 1911 ).</ p >< p > Requiring specific performance as a remedy for breach of personal services contracts has regarded as a form of involuntary servitude by some scholars and courts, though other jurisdictions and scholars have rejected this argument ; it is a popular rule in academia and many local jurisdictions, but has never been upheld by higher courts .</ p >

Although anti-psychiatry is often attributed to a few famous figures in psychiatry or academia, it has been pointed out that consumer / survivor / ex-patient individuals and groups preceded it, drove it and carried on through it.

Nicholas Maxwell, a contemporary philosopher in the United Kingdom, advocates that academia ought to alter its focus from the acquisition of knowledge to seeking and promoting wisdom, which he defines as the capacity to realize what is of value in life, for oneself and others.

The Doctor of Philosophy and Engineering Doctorate degrees consist of a significant research component and are often viewed as the entry point to academia.

In academia, the term " myth " often refers to stories whose culture regards them as true ( as opposed to fictitious ).

In humanities in modern academia, the latter style of scholarship is an outgrowth of critical theory and is often called simply " theory.

It is often considered a branch of political science ( especially after 1988 UNESCO nomenclature ), but an important sector of academia prefer to treat it as an interdisciplinary field of study.

Although some terms in academia do go out of style, such as " Dark Ages ", the term Barbarian is in full common currency among all mainstream medieval scholars and is not out of style or outdated, though a disclaimer is often felt to be needed, as when Ralph W. Mathisen prefaces a discussion of barbarian bishops in Late Antiquity, " It should also be noted that the word " barbarian " will be used here as a convenient, nonpejorative term to refer to all the non-Latin and non-Greek speaking exterae gentes who dwelt around, and even eventually settled within, the Roman Empire during late antiquity ".

Particularly in academia, the word Chair is often used to describe the person occupying the chair.

" Primitive art " is another term often applied to art by those without formal training, but is historically more often applied to work from certain cultures that have been judged socially or technologically " primitive " by Western academia, such as Native American, subsaharan African or Pacific Island art ( see Tribal art ).

Sharaf wrote in 1983 that contributors to the Journal of Orgonomy who worked in academia often used a pseudonym in case their careers suffered, leading to what he called the " self-fulfilling prophecy " that orgonomy was not a valid area of study because so few researchers had shown an interest in it.

Nonetheless, his books often sold well and gained an enthusiastic support in lay circles, often fuelled by claims of unfair treatment for Velikovsky by orthodox academia.

Velikovsky's ideas have been almost entirely rejected by mainstream academia ( often vociferously so ) and his work is generally regarded as erroneous in all its detailed conclusions.

The two began drawing up plans for a forum that would be open to ways of thinking beyond the constraints of mainstream academia, while avoiding the dogmatism so often seen in groups organized around a single idea promoted by a charismatic leader.

The novels, all set in academia, often were an outlet for Heilbrun's view on feminism, academic politics, and other political issues.

Individuals in academia and computer scientists doing research on future user interfaces often put as much or even more stress on tactile control and feedback, or sonic control and feedback than on the visual feedback given by most GUIs.

The term is sometimes used outside academia, often with meanings tangential to or opposite to the sociological usage ( for example, applying it to a church ), with the use intended as a derogatory description of excessive adherence to something political or ideological.

The film viewed these designers as " outlaws " whose careers have necessarily developed " outside the box " of their time, largely unsupported by mainstream industry and often beyond the pale of mainstream academia, as well.

The phrase referred to President John F. Kennedy's " whiz kids "— leaders of industry and academia brought into the Kennedy administration — whom Halberstam characterized as arrogantly insisting on " brilliant policies that defied common sense " in Vietnam, often against the advice of career U. S. Department of State employees.

This juxtaposition between the English and Francophone worlds captures not only Hocart's education, but his status as an outsider to British academia whose work often seemed to predict developments in French anthropology such as structuralism.

The argument that " they're professors, not policemen " is often heard in academia.

The benefits of autoethnography are the ways in which research of such a personal nature might give us insight into problems often overlooked in culture — issues such as the nature of identity, race, sexuality, child abuse, eating disorders, life in academia, and the like.

Financial engineering is often underrepresented on university campuses and the FBMF tries to bridge the gap between academia and the professional world.