In addition, the inner surface of the carbon shield was covered with aluminum foil to reduce radiation.

It should be possible to free carbon tetrachloride of any interfering substances by the usual purification methods followed by prechlorination prior to addition of radioactive chlorine.

The " cycloadduct " derived from the addition of alkynes to 2-pyrone eliminates carbon dioxide to give the aromatic compound.

In addition, the carbon dioxide generated in the production and transportation of the food required by the bicyclist, per mile traveled, is less than 1 / 10 that generated by energy efficient cars.

In addition, biopolymers have the potential to cut carbon emissions and reduce CO < sub > 2 </ sub > quantities in the atmosphere: this is because the CO < sub > 2 </ sub > released when they degrade can be reabsorbed by crops grown to replace them: this makes them close to carbon neutral.

The phrase ' advanced composites ' in FRP construction may indicate the addition of carbon fibre, kevlar ( tm ) or other similar materials, but it may also indicate other methods designed to introduce less expensive and, by at least one yacht surveyor's eyewitness accounts, less structurally sound materials.

In addition, Deccan Trap volcanism might have resulted in carbon dioxide emissions that increased the greenhouse effect when the dust and aerosols cleared from the atmosphere.

The term is also used as a verb, to describe carbonation: the process of raising the concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate ions in water to produce carbonated water and other carbonated beverages — either by the addition of carbon dioxide gas under pressure, or by dissolving carbonate or bicarbonate salts into the water.

In organic chemistry, in addition to oxidation, reduction or acid-base reactions, a number of other reactions can take place which involve covalent bonds between carbon atoms or carbon and heteroatoms ( such as oxygen, nitrogen, halogens, etc .).

The addition and its counterpart, the elimination, are reactions which change the number of substituents on the carbon atom, and form or cleave multiple bonds.

This rule states that " In the heterolytic addition of a polar molecule to an alkene or alkyne, the more electronegative ( nucleophilic ) atom ( or part ) of the polar molecule becomes attached to the carbon atom bearing the smaller number of hydrogen atoms.

If the addition of a functional group takes place at the less substituted carbon atom of the double bond, then the electrophilic substitution with acids is not possible.

In addition, the cycle consumes acetate ( in the form of acetyl-CoA ) and water, reduces NAD < sup >+</ sup > to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide.

In addition to significantly reducing wind erosion, windbreaks provide many other benefits such as improved microclimates for crops ( which are sheltered from the dehydrating and otherwise damaging effects of wind ), habitat for beneficial bird species, carbon sequestration, and aesthetic improvements to the agricultural landscape.

The relative abundance of magnesium is related to the fact that it is easily built up in supernova stars from a sequential addition of three helium nuclei to carbon ( which in turn is made from three helium nuclei ).

The addition of silicon will produce cast irons, while the addition of chromium, nickel and molybdenum to carbon steels ( more than 10 %) results in stainless steels.

Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

In addition, very early instances of carbon steel were found to be in production around 2000 years before the present in northwest Tanzania, based on complex preheating principles.

In addition The UN Convention on Climate Change helped coordinate the efforts of the international community to fight potentially disastrous effects of human activity on the planet and launched negotiations to set an ambitious program of carbon emission reduction that began in 2007 with the Bali Road Map.

" From the biological perspective, the key reactions involve addition of nucleophiles to the formyl carbon in the formation of imines ( oxidative deamination ) and hemiacetals ( structures of aldose sugars ).

In addition to its use as a fuel, oil shale may also serve in the production of specialty carbon fibers, adsorbent carbons, carbon black, phenols, resins, glues, tanning agents, mastic, road bitumen, cement, bricks, construction and decorative blocks, soil-additives, fertilizers, rock-wool insulation, glass, and pharmaceutical products.

Upon the addition of a small amount of manganese dioxide, the hydrogen peroxide reacts rapidly.

Electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide

For example, in the electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide, an electrophile ( proton ) attacks the double bond forming a carbocation, which then reacts with the nucleophile ( bromine ).

In addition to this pure hydrogen type, there are hydrocarbon fuels for fuel cells, including diesel, methanol ( see: direct-methanol fuel cells and indirect methanol fuel cells ) and chemical hydrides.

In addition, for the hydrogen atom, states of the same n but different ℓ are also degenerate ( i. e. they have the same energy ).

In addition, very high energy neutrons can cause ionizing radiation by " neutron spallation " or knockout, wherein neutrons cause emission of high-energy protons from atomic nuclei ( especially hydrogen nuclei ) on impact.

In addition, trypsin contains an " oxyanion hole " formed by the backbone amide hydrogen atoms of Gly-193 and Ser-195, which serves to stabilize the developing negative charge on the carbonyl oxygen atom of the cleaved amides.

Why hydrogen bromide exhibited both Markovnikov as well as reversed-order, or anti-Markovnikov, addition, however, was not understood until Morris S. Kharasch offered an explanation in 1933.

Like europium, samarium, and thulium, the trihalogens of ytterbium can be reduced by hydrogen or by the addition of the metal to reduce to the dihalogens.

In addition, microwaves can be used to heat a suitable heat exchanger, which in turn heats a propellant ( very typically hydrogen ).

In addition to intra-and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, keratins have large amounts of the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine, required for the disulfide bridges that confer additional strength and rigidity by permanent, thermally-stable crosslinking — a role sulfur bridges also play in vulcanized rubber.

In addition to his joint recognition for the discovery of oxygen, Scheele is argued to have been the first to discover other chemical elements such as barium ( 1774 ), manganese ( 1774 ), molybdenum ( 1778 ), and tungsten ( 1781 ), as well as several chemical compounds, including citric acid, lactic acid, glycerol, hydrogen cyanide ( also known, in aqueous solution, as prussic acid ), hydrogen fluoride, and hydrogen sulfide.

The other principal route to thiols involves the addition of hydrogen sulfide to alkenes.

Reduction is made with the addition of hydrogen atoms to specific nitrogen atoms on the isoalloxazine ring system:

where Fl < sub > ox </ sub > is the oxidized flavin, Fl < sub > red </ sub > H < sub > 2 </ sub > the reduced flavin ( upon addition of two hydrogen atoms ) and FlH < sup >•</ sup > the semiquinone form ( addition of one hydrogen atom ).

In addition to proton pumps in the mitochondria, humans ( and likely other mammals too ) have a gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase or H < sup >+</ sup >/ K < sup >+</ sup > ATPase is the proton pump of the stomach, which is responsible primarily for the acidification of the stomach contents ( see gastric acid ).

Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

In addition to electricity, fuel cells produce water, heat and, depending on the fuel source, very small amounts of nitrogen dioxide and other emissions.

In addition, nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from food and waste may lead to blooms of phytoplankton, whose subsequent degradation can drastically reduce oxygen levels.

One study found, in addition to phosphorus, wildebeest select ranges containing grass with relatively high nitrogen content.

In addition to runoff from land, atmospheric fixed nitrogen can enter the open ocean.

# Other processes: In addition, the formation of NO from N < sub > 2 </ sub > and O < sub > 2 </ sub > due to photons and especially lightning, can fix nitrogen.

In addition, humans have significantly contributed to the transfer of nitrogen trace gases from Earth to the atmosphere, and from the land to aquatic systems.

Although it will continue to grow no matter what, it will benefit from the addition of animal manure applied as a mulch, and can also be mulched with other nitrogen rich materials such as lawn mowings, and is one of the few plants that will tolerate the application of fresh urine diluted 50: 50 with water, although this should not be regularly added as it may increase salt levels in the soil and have adverse effects on soil life such as worms.

Therefore, nitrogen deficiency is most reliably detected by conducting quantitative tests in addition to assessing the plants visual symptoms.

* In N-glycosylation ( see on the right ), the addition of sugar chains can happen at the amide nitrogen on the side-chain of the asparagine.

If a cyanobacterium is present, as a primary partner or another symbiont in addition to green alga as in certain tripartite lichens, they can fix atmospheric nitrogen, complementing the activities of the green alga.

Excess nitrogen must be leached from the soil by addition of large quantities of water.

In addition to helium, emission lines of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen were identified in the spectra of Wolf – Rayet stars.

In addition, nitrogen and phosphorus used in fertilizers have caused severe problems in the form of agricultural runoff, which alters the concentration of these compounds in local rivers and streams, often resulting in adverse effects on native species.

In addition, problems with the oxygen bottle and during the changeover from the pre-breather to the oxygen bottle can result in the return of nitrogen to the jumper's bloodstream and, therefore, an increased likelihood of decompression sickness.

Nitrogen trials under these conditions have shown a maximum seed yield response with the addition of 22 kg / hectare ( 20 lb / acre ) of nitrogen.

In addition to adverse health effects of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and particulates generated in the exhaust gas of the gasoline-powered engines, leaf blowers pose problems related to dust raised by the powerful flow of air.

Legumes are often used as green manure crops for their nitrogen fixing abilities, while non-leguminous crops are used primarily for weed suppression and addition of biomass to the soil.

In addition to its traditional cultivation as a bio-fertilizer for wetland paddy ( due to its ability to fix nitrogen ), azolla is finding increasing use for sustainable production of livestock feed.

The addition of Lewis bases such as solvents diethyl ether or THF or nitrogen ligands TMEDA, PMDTA or sparteine tend to deaggregate organolithium compounds, making them more soluble and more reactive.

In addition, carbon atoms are not generally labeled as such directly ( i. e. with a " C "), whereas heteroatoms are always explicitly noted as such ( i. e. using " N " for nitrogen, " O " for oxygen, etc.