* Carl Ritter ( 1779 – 1859 ), considered to be one of the founding fathers of modern geography and first chair in geography at the Humboldt University of Berlin, also noted for his use of organic analogy in his works.

A more accurate analogy might be that of a large and often oddly shaped " atmosphere " ( the electron ), distributed around a relatively tiny planet ( the atomic nucleus ).

The current Dalai Lama is often called " His Holiness " ( HH ) by Westerners ( by analogy with the Pope ), although this does not translate to a Tibetan title.

When Portuguese explorers first came into contact with the Japanese ( see Nanban period ), they described Japanese conditions in analogy, likening the Emperor, with great symbolic authority but little political power, to the Pope, and the Shogun to secular European rulers, e. g. the Holy Roman Emperor.

The term first past the post ( abbreviated FPTP or FPP ) was coined as an analogy to horse racing, where the winner of the race is the first to pass a particular point ( the " post ") on the track ( in this case a plurality of votes ), after which all other runners automatically and completely lose ( that is, the payoff is " winner-takes-all ").

Secondary sources of law were developed and refined over the subsequent centuries, consisting primarily of juristic preference ( istihsan ), laws of the previous prophets ( shara man qablana ), continuity ( istihsab ), extended analogy ( maslaha mursala ), blocking the means ( sadd al-dhari ' ah ), custome urf and saying of a companion ( qawl al-sahabi ).

Outside a European context, the concept of feudalism is normally used only by analogy ( called semi-feudal ), most often in discussions of feudal Japan under the shoguns, and sometimes medieval and Gondarine Ethiopia.

From 1918, camp-type detention facilities were set up, as a reformed analogy of the earlier system of penal labor ( katorgas ), operated in Siberia in Imperial Russia.

* Homology ( anthropology ), analogy between human beliefs, practices or artifacts owing to genetic or historical connections

This argument fails in considering the imbalance in self-reported political allegiances by journalists themselves, that distort any market analogy as regards offer: (...) Indeed, in 1982, 85 percent of Columbia Graduate School of Journalism students identified themselves as liberal, versus 11 percent conservative " ( Lichter, Rothman, and Lichter 1986: 48 ), quoted in Sutter, 2001.

At higher Reynolds number, the analogy between mass and heat transfer and momentum transfer becomes less useful due to the nonlinearity of the Navier-Stokes equation ( or more fundamentally, the general momentum conservation equation ), but the analogy between heat and mass transfer remains good.

By analogy, a similar graph depicting the progress of a string as time passes by can be obtained ; the string ( a one-dimensional object — a small line — by itself ) will trace out a surface ( a two-dimensional manifold ), known as the worldsheet.

When Portuguese explorers first came into contact with the Japanese ( see Nanban period ), they described Japanese conditions in analogy, likening the emperor, with great symbolic authority but little political power, to the Pope, and the shogun to secular European rulers, e. g. the King of Spain.

Semiotics, also called semiotic studies or ( in the Saussurean tradition ) semiology, is the study of signs and sign processes ( semiosis ), indication, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication.

In " The Robots of Death " ( 1977 ), the Fourth Doctor tried to explain this to his companion Leela, using the analogy of how a larger cube can appear to be able to fit inside a smaller one if the larger cube is farther away, yet immediately accessible at the same time ( see Tesseract ).

The theory of the weak interaction can be called Quantum Flavordynamics ( QFD ), in analogy with the terms QCD and QED, but in practice the term is rarely used because the weak force is best understood in terms of electro-weak theory ( EWT ).

In the brief discussion the character Dr. Henry Deacon ( Joe Morton ), using the analogy of ripples in a pond, explains that the further one travels from the point where the timeline is changed the less noticeable are the effects of that change.

In formal terms, the connection is a persulfide, in analogy to its congener, peroxide ( R-O-O-R ), but this terminology is obscure and is no longer used ( except in reference to R-S-S-H or H-S-S-H compounds ).

For instance, there is a phonograph that destroys itself by playing a record titled " I Cannot Be Played on Record Player X " ( an analogy to Gödel's incompleteness theorems ), an examination of canon form in music, and a discussion of Escher's lithograph of two hands drawing each other.

Such rhetorical devices, discussed in more detail below, are: " ignoring the question " to divert argument to unrelated issues using a red herring ; making the argument personal ( argumentum ad hominem ) and discrediting the opposition's character, " begging the question " ( petitio principi ), the use of the non-sequitur, false cause and effect ( post hoc ergo propter hoc ), bandwagoning ( everyone says so ), the " false dilemma " or " either-or fallacy " in which the situation is oversimplified, " card-stacking " or selective use of facts, " false equivalence ", and " false analogy ".

Although the Af calculation is obvious by analogy with that for gravitational field and osmotic pressure, it is interesting to confirm it by a method which can be generalized to include related effects.

The term was coined by Fanya Montalvo by analogy with NP-complete and NP-hard in complexity theory, which formally describes the most famous class of difficult problems.

" Therefore I should infer from analogy that probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form, into which life was first breathed.

An expanding universe generally has a cosmological horizon which, by analogy with the more familiar horizon caused by the curvature of the Earth's surface, marks the boundary of the part of the universe that an observer can see.

This analogy is extremely simplistic and incomplete: The rapid propagation of a sound wave does not impart any change in the air molecules ' drift velocity, whereas EM waves do carry the energy to propagate the actual current at a rate which is much, much higher than the electrons ' drift velocity.

An explanation using a fishing analogy can be found in Trout, Catfish and Roach which won an award from the Royal Statistical Society for excellence in official statistics in 2011.

An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room ( channel ) in which people wish to talk to each other simultaneously.

This is in analogy to electrostatics, in which the electric field ( E-field ) has a vanishing curl and the magnetic field ( B-field ) has a vanishing divergence.

However, when the research team synthesized element 98, they could not think of a good analogy for dysprosium, and instead named the element californium in honor of the state in which it was synthesized.

Castles and Coltheart describe phonological and surface types of developmental dyslexia by analogy to classical subtypes of alexia ( acquired dyslexia ) which are classified according to the rate of errors in reading non-words.

A commonly heard example is the Yijing " Book of Changes " which, owing to Wade – Giles " I Ching ", is usually cacologized as taking yi ' change ; easy ' in false analogy ( ego?

Kaisertum might literally be translated as " emperordom " ( on analogy with " kingdom ") or " emperor-ship "; the term denotes specifically " the territory ruled by an emperor ", and is thus somewhat more general than Reich, which in 1804 carried connotations of universal rule.

This comes about by analogy with " January " ( which ends in "- uary " but not "- ruary "); as well as by a dissimilation effect whereby having two " r " s close to each other causes one to change for ease of pronunciation.

Herbert G. Winful argues that the train analogy is a variant of the " reshaping argument " for superluminal tunneling velocities, but he goes on to say that this argument is not actually supported by experiment or simulations, which actually show that the transmitted pulse has the same length and shape as the incident pulse.

The media, in an attempt to explain the ideology of Ayatollah Khomeini and the Iranian Revolution to a Western audience described it as a " fundamentalist version of Islam " by way of analogy to the Christian fundamentalist movement in the U. S. Thus was born the term " Islamic fundamentalist ", which would come to be one of the most common usages of the term in the following years.

Gnutella ( with a silent g, but often ) ( possibly by analogy with the GNU Project ) is a large peer-to-peer network which, at the time of its creation, was the first decentralized peer-to-peer network of its kind, leading to other, later networks adopting the model.

Drawing further upon the analogy with geometric Newtonian gravity, it is natural to assume that the field equation for gravity relates this tensor and the Ricci tensor, which describes a particular class of tidal effects: the change in volume for a small cloud of test particles that are initially at rest, and then fall freely.

The " greenhouse effect " of the atmosphere is named by analogy to greenhouses which get warmer in sunlight, but the mechanism by which the atmosphere retains heat is different.

Early structural models for GPCRs were based on their weak analogy to bacteriorhodopsin, for which a structure had been determined by both electron diffraction (, ) and X ray-based crystallography ().

The analogy is made to locksmithing, specifically picking locks, which — aside from its being a skill with a fairly high tropism to ' classic ' hacking — is a skill which can be used for good or evil.

comes from our normalizing constant, which has been chosen so that, by analogy with single-particle wavefunctions,