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brain and imaging
Tuberculosis can produce brain abscesses that look identical to conventional bacterial abscesses on CT imaging.
Brain imaging involves analyzing activity within the brain while performing various cognitive tasks.
Several brain imaging techniques, such as EEG and fMRI, have been used for physical measures of brain activity in these studies.
Three main techniques are used to visualize the brain and search for AVM: computed tomography ( CT ), magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ), and cerebral angiography.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging has revealed that, after losing a bet or gamble (" riskloss "), the frontoparietal network of the brain is activated, resulting in more risk-taking behavior.
In the late 1990s, Jaynes's ideas received renewed attention as brain imaging technology confirmed many of his early predictions.
" Rowland discusses that what is exciting about this new field in education is that modern brain imaging techniques now make it possible, in some sense, to watch the brain as it learns.
New medical imaging techniques such as PET and fMRI have allowed researchers to generate pictures showing which areas of a living brain are active at a given time.
The differentiation of speech production into only two large sections of the brain ( i. e. Broca's and Wernicke's areas ), accepted long before the advent of medical imaging techniques, is now considered outdated.
MRI provides good contrast between the different soft tissues of the body, which makes it especially useful in imaging the brain, muscles, the heart, and cancers compared with other medical imaging techniques such as computed tomography ( CT ) or X-rays.
* History of brain imaging
The techniques used by neuroscientists have also expanded enormously, from molecular and cellular studies of individual nerve cells to imaging of sensory and motor tasks in the brain.
Developments in electron microscopy, computers, electronics, functional brain imaging, and most recently genetics and genomics, have all been major drivers of progress.
More recently, psychophysiologists have been equally, or potentially more, interested in the central nervous system, exploring cortical brain potentials such as the many types of event-related potentials ( ERPs ), brain waves, and utilizing advanced technology such as functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ), MRI, PET, MEG, and other neuroimagery techniques.
Many measures are part of modern psychophysiology including measures of brain activity such as ERPs, brain waves ( electroencephalography, EEG ), fMRI ( functional magnetic resonance imaging ), measures of skin conductance ( skin conductance response, SCR ; galvanic skin response, GSR ), cardiovascular measures ( heart rate, HR ; beats per minute, BPM ; heart rate variability, HRV ; vasomotor activity ), muscle activity ( electromyography, EMG ), changes in pupil diameter with thought and emotion ( pupillometry ) and eye movements, recorded via the electro-oculogram ( EOG ) and direction-of-gaze methods.
It is used heavily in clinical oncology ( medical imaging of tumors and the search for metastases ), and for clinical diagnosis of certain diffuse brain diseases such as those causing various types of dementias.
The development of a number of novel probes for noninvasive, in vivo PET imaging of neuroaggregate in human brain has brought amyloid imaging to the doorstep of clinical use.
In the 1990s, researchers began to use Electroencephalography ( EEG ), Positron Emission Tomography ( PET ) and more recently functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ( fMRI ), which is now the most widely used imaging technique to help localize personality traits in the brain.
A 2007 review recommends an electroencephalogram and brain imaging with CT scan or MRI scan in the work-up.

brain and studies
Some argue that the evidence for antipsychotics from discontinuation-relapse studies may be flawed, because they do not take into account that antipsychotics may sensitize the brain and provoke psychosis if discontinued, which may then be wrongly interpreted as a relapse of the original condition.
Many studies now indicate that chronic treatment with antipsychotics affects the brain at a structural level, for example increasing the volume of the basal ganglia ( especially the caudate nucleus ), and reducing cortical grey matter volume in different brain areas.
Recent studies on macaque monkeys have found that administration of haloperidol or olanzapine for about two years led to a significant overall shrinkage in brain tissue, in both gray and white matter across several brain areas, with lower glial cell counts, due to a decrease in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and increased neuronal density.
However, Dr. Andrew Newberg said that Hira stayed at the University of Pennsylvania only for brain scans on studies of meditation, not his ability to fast indefinitely.
A number of studies have shown that activity in primary sensory areas of the brain is not sufficient to produce consciousness: it is possible for subjects to report a lack of awareness even when areas such as the primary visual cortex show clear electrical responses to a stimulus.
For example, there have been a number of epidemiological studies of looking for a relationship between cell phone use and brain cancer development, which have been largely inconclusive, save to demonstrate that the effect, if it exists, cannot be a large one.
FMRI studies have proven that melodic intonation therapy uses both sides of the brain to recover lost function, as opposed to traditional therapies that utilize only the left hemisphere.
Several clinical and experimental data have implicated the failure of blood – brain barrier ( BBB ) function in triggering chronic or acute seizures, some studies implicate the interactions between a common blood protein — albumin and astrocytes.
Recent postmortem studies have demonstrated the presence of degenerative changes in the ET brain, with these changes including Purkinje cell axonal swellings and Purkinje cell loss in the majority of cases and brainstem Lewy bodies in the remainder.
There are studies looking at areas of the brain that are affected in relation to fear.
Scientist from Zurich studies show that the hormone oxytocin related to stress and sex reduces activity in your brain fear center
Though the idea that brain size is unrelated to race and intelligence was popularized in the 1980s, studies continue to show significant correlations.
Changes in brain activity have been found in some studies of highly responsive hypnotic subjects.
Recent studies in neuroscience have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including pheromones, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, which act in a manner similar to amphetamines, stimulating the brain's pleasure center and leading to side effects such as increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement.
The majority of findings about memory have been the result of studies that lesioned specific brain regions in rats or primates, but some of the most important work has been the result of accidental or inadvertent brain trauma.
It disrupts signals between the brain and other parts of the body ; symptoms differ from patient to patient, and have different presentations upon clinical observation and in laboratory studies.
Recent fMRI studies show that dreams, imaginings and perceptions of things such as faces are accompanied by activity in many of the same areas of brain as are involved with physical sight.
His friend Alvie studies it, saying " I didn't know there was a section of the brain just for hope.
Persinger's case studies have also shown a complex interaction between geomagnetism, household electrical equipment and the brain physiology of the individual.

brain and ACC
The anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ), orbitofrontal cortex ( and the overlapping ventromedial prefrontal cortex ) are brain regions involved in decision making processes.
The dorsal part of the ACC is connected with the prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex as well as the motor system and the frontal eye fields making it a central station for processing top-down and bottom-up stimuli and assigning appropriate control to other areas in the brain.
These cells are a relatively recent occurrence in evolutionary terms ( found only in humans and great apes ) and contribute to this brain region's emphasis on addressing difficult problems, as well as the pathologies related to the ACC.
Upon detection of a conflict, the ACC then provides cues to other areas in the brain to cope with the conflicting control systems.
Furthermore, this theory predicts that, when the ACC receives conflicting input from control areas in the brain, it determines and allocates which area should be given control over the motor system.
The ACC area in the brain is associated with many functions which are correlated with conscious experience.
Studying the effects of damage to the ACC provides insights into the type of functions it serves in the intact brain.
The ACC has been suggested to have possible links with Social Anxiety, along with the amygdala part of the brain, but this research is still in its early stages.
Self-controland avoidance of erroris thus facilitated by the executive gatekeeping function of the ACC, as it regulates the interference patterns of neural signals between these two brain regions.
The ACC is largely responsible for relaying waves of neural signals from deep within the brain to far flung regions, including Brodmann area 10.
Another used functional magnetic resonance ( fMRI ) to investigate brain activity associated with stereotype threat. Researchers found that women experiencing stereotype threat while taking a math test showed heightened activation in the ventral stream of the anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ).
ACC is described as a defect in the brain where the 200 million axons that make the corpus collosum are either completely absent, or partially gone.
* Anterior cingulate — The anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) is located in the middle of the brain, just behind the prefrontal cortex.

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