It is likely that the effects of morphine will be more pronounced in opioid-naive subjects than chronic opioid users.

It is important to note that this study reveals that COAT patients have no domain-specific deficits, which supports the notion that chronic opioid use has minor effects on psychomotor, cognitive, or neuropsychological functioning.

The dextrorotary form ( d-methadone ) acts as an NMDA antagonist and is devoid of opioid activity: it has been shown to produce analgesia in experimental models of chronic pain.

While opiates are often used in the management of chronic pain, high doses are associated with an increased risk of opioid overdose.

In chronic pain conditions that are opioid responsive a combination of a long-acting ( Oxycontin, MS Contin, Opana ER, Exalgo and Methadone ) or extended release medication is often prescribed in conjunction with a shorter-acting medication ( oxycodone, morphine or hydromorphone ) for breakthrough pain, or exacerbations.

An opioid injection is rarely needed for patients with chronic pain.

Furthermore some studies suggest a permanent dysregulation of the endogenous opioid receptor system after chronic exposure to opiates.

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia may develop as a result of long-term opioid use in the treatment of chronic pain.

Long term opioid ( e. g. heroin, oxycodone ) users and those on high-dose opioid medications for the treatment of chronic pain, may experience hyperalgesia and experience pain out of proportion to physical findings, which is a common cause for loss of efficacy of these medications over time.

Several studies have shown that when opioids are prescribed to treat chronic pain, GIRK channels are activated by certain GPCRs, namely opioid receptors, which leads to the inhibition of nociceptive transmission, thus functioning in pain relief.

Whilst some standard suggested dosages are published for the treatment of depression, the proper dosage for treatment of insomnia in non-depressive patients, those on alcohol / opioid withdrawal and those with chronic pain may vary greatly and should be discussed with your physician.

Another view maintains that cognitive deficits in chronic benzodiazepine users occur only for a short period after the dose, or that the anxiety disorders is the cause of these deficits.

Chronic users of hypnotic medications for insomnia do not have better sleep than chronic insomniacs not taking medications.

In fact, chronic users of hypnotic medications have more regular nighttime awakenings than insomniacs not taking hypnotic medications.

Depressant properties are more obvious in occasional users, and stimulating properties are more common in chronic users.

Homelessness is actually a chronic problem for only a small minority of people, the vast majority of individuals are " one-time only " shelter users or experience episodic homelessness.

While some have claimed that chronic use of cannabis causes amotivational syndrome in some users, empirical studies suggest that there is no such thing as " amotivational syndrome ", per se.

Punding is a term that was coined originally to describe complex prolonged, purposeless, and stereotyped behavior in chronic amphetamine users ; it was later described in Parkinson's disease.

This could feasibly alter the function / relationship of various structures, specifically the ventral visual stream, which is a likely cause of the anecdotal reports of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder ( HPPD ) from such chronic users.

The concentration found was 80 times in excess of the normal therapeutic level, even for chronic users.

The electric gadget is most helpful when there are many crowned teeth and in individuals who are elderly, bedfast with a chronic disease, or are handicapped by disorders such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy.

The causes of retardation and maladjustment may be found in physical factors, such as defective speech or hearing, impaired vision, faulty motor coordination, a frail constitution, chronic disease, malnutrition, and glandular malfunctioning.

Says Wallace F. Jannsen, director of the FDA's Division of Public Information: `` Quacks are apt to direct their appeal directly to older people, or to sufferers from chronic ailments such as arthritis, rheumatism, diabetes, and cancer.

When someone does develop chronic or severe problems with anxiety, such problems are usually classified as being one or more of the specific types of Anxiety Disorders.

Anxiety can be a symptom of an underlying health issue such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ), heart failure, or heart arrythmia.

Despite the name, antidepressants are often used to treat other conditions, such as anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, eating disorders, chronic pain, and some hormone-mediated disorders such as dysmenorrhea.

Although there are no biological tests which confirm bipolar disorder, tests may be carried out to exclude medical illnesses such as hypo-or hyperthyroidism, metabolic disturbance, a systemic infection or chronic disease, and syphilis or HIV infection.

For example, pacemakers and medications for irregular heartbeats, such as the anti-arrhythmia drug amiodarone, may be life saving for some patients with chronic cardiac disease, while surgery may be required for megaintestine.

Duesberg states that African AIDS cases are " a collection of long-established, indigenous diseases, such as chronic fevers, weight loss, alias “ slim disease ”, diarrhea and tuberculosis " that result from malnutrition and poor sanitation.

About 2 percent were denied admission to the U. S. and sent back to their countries of origin for reasons such as having a chronic contagious disease, criminal background, or insanity.

Hippocrates began to categorize illnesses as acute, chronic, endemic and epidemic, and use terms such as, " exacerbation, relapse, resolution, crisis, paroxysm, peak, and convalescence.

Hippocrates introduced the Hippocratic Oath for physicians, which is still relevant and in use today, and was the first to categorize illnesses as acute, chronic, endemic and epidemic, and use terms such as, " exacerbation, relapse, resolution, crisis, paroxysm, peak, and convalescence ".

Demyelination is the loss of the myelin sheath insulating the nerves, and is the hallmark of some neurodegenerative autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Guillain-Barré Syndrome, central pontine myelinosis, inherited demyelinating diseases such as Leukodystrophy, and Charcot Marie Tooth.

Use of mood stabilizers and anticonvusants such as lamotrigine, carbamazapine, valproate and others may lead to chronic folate deficiency, potentiating depression.

In recent years, methadone has gained popularity among physicians for the treatment of other medical problems, such as an analgesic in chronic pain.

Some neurologists may develop an interest in particular subfields, such as dementia, movement disorders, headaches, epilepsy, sleep disorders, chronic pain management, multiple sclerosis, or neuromuscular diseases.

A poor diet can have an injurious impact on health, causing deficiency diseases such as scurvy and kwashiorkor ; health-threatening conditions like obesity and metabolic syndrome ; and such common chronic systemic diseases as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis.

Another carotenoid, beta-cryptoxanthin, appears to protect against chronic joint inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis.

Patients are referred to nephrology specialists for various reasons, such as acute renal failure, chronic kidney disease, hematuria, proteinuria, kidney stones, hypertension, and disorders of acid / base or electrolytes.

This form results from chronic predisposing medical problems or disease, or prolonged use of medications such as glucocorticoids, when the disease is called steroid-or glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis ( SIOP or GIOP ).

People with severe or persistent respiratory conditions ( such as chronic lung disease or asthma ) may experience stronger adverse reactions.