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classical and antiquity
In many parts of the world, acropoleis became the nuclei of large cities of classical antiquity, such as ancient Rome, which in more recent times grew up on the surrounding lower ground, such as modern Rome.
The poem is cast in the form of a lament by a person professing the paganism of classical antiquity and lamenting its passing, and expresses regret at the rise of Christianity.
Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity.
The possible existence of a genuine Atlantis was discussed throughout classical antiquity, but it was usually rejected and occasionally parodied by later authors.
Oxford classicist Edward Copleston said that classical education “ communicates to the mind … a high sense of honor, a disdain of death in a good cause, a passionate devotion to the welfare of one ’ s country ”, thus concurring with Cicero that: “ All literature, all philosophical treatises, all the voices of antiquity are full of examples for imitation, which would all lie unseen in darkness without the light of literature ”.
Regardless when and by what route it reached England and the British colonies in its recognizable form, croquet is, like pall mall, trucco, jeu de mail and kolven, clearly a derivative of ground billiards, which was popular in Western Europe back to at least the 14th century, with roots in classical antiquity.
Another important source appears to have been Apuleius's The Golden Ass, one of the earliest known novels, a picaresque from late classical antiquity.
Yet the borders of Europe — a concept dating back to classical antiquity — are somewhat arbitrary, as the primarily physiographic term " continent " can incorporate cultural and political elements.
Most scientific treatises of classical antiquity ( in Greek ) were unavailable, leaving only simplified summaries and compilations.
Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and beyond during classical antiquity, and would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire.
Although Greek has undergone morphological and phonological changes comparable to those seen in other languages, there has been no time in its history since classical antiquity where its cultural, literary, and orthographic tradition was interrupted to such an extent that one can easily speak of a new language emerging.
In that the revival of classical antiquity became necessary to the achievement of the Renaissance, his defense of the importance of ancient literature was an essential requirement for its development.
The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece out of the Greek Dark Ages.
Other noteworthy and famous Greek historians include Plutarch ( 2nd century AD ), who wrote several biographies, the Parallel Lives, in which he wanted to assess the morality of its characters by comparing them in pairs, and Polybius ( 3nd century BC ), who developed Thucydides's method further, becoming one of the most objective historians of classical antiquity.
Two of the most notable Mediterranean civilizations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states and the Phoenicians.
The question of the historicity of Homer the individual is known as the " Homeric question "; there is no reliable biographical information handed down from classical antiquity.
In classical antiquity, hero cults that venerated deified heroes such as Heracles, Perseus, and Achilles played an important role in Ancient Greek religion.
A leading scientist of classical antiquity, Archimedes also developed elaborate systems of pulleys to move large objects with a minimum of effort.
The Illyrians (; or Illyri ) were a group of tribes who inhabited the Western Balkans during classical antiquity.
In classical antiquity, the Pontic Steppe was known as Scythia.
While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity ( for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others ), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages ( for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī and Roger Bacon ), the dawn of modern science is generally traced back to the early modern period, during what is known as the Scientific Revolution that took place in 16th and 17th century Europe.
From their original homelands in Scandinavia and far northern Europe Germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western Europe in the middle period of classical antiquity, and southern Europe in late antiquity, conquering Celtic and other peoples and forming in 800 the Holy Roman Empire, the first German Empire.
His tomb, in the shape of a rustic temple, on which, in bas relief an arm reaches out, bearing the torch of liberty, evokes Rousseau's deep love of nature and of classical antiquity.
Josephus's Against Apion is a two-volume defence of Judaism as classical religion and philosophy, stressing its antiquity, as opposed to what Josephus claimed was the relatively more recent tradition of the Greeks.

classical and liberal
The political terms of " modern ", " progressive " or " new " Liberalism began to appear in the mid to late 1880s and became increasingly common to denote the tendency in the Liberal Party to favour an increased role for the state as more important than the classical liberal stress on self-help and freedom of choice.
Liberal conservatism is a variant of conservatism that combines conservative values and policies with classical liberal stances.
The liberal conservative tradition in the United States combines the economic individualism of the classical liberals with a Burkean form of conservatism ( which has also become part of the American conservative tradition, such as in the writings of Russell Kirk ).
This belief led classical liberal politicians to pass the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834, which limited the provision of social assistance.
By the First World War, the Liberal Party had largely abandoned classical liberal principles.
Central to classical liberal ideology was their interpretation of John Locke's Second treatise of government and " A letter concerning toleration ", which had been written as a defence of the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, was to provide most of the ideas of classical liberal economics, at least until the publication of J. S. Mill's Principles in 1848.
The anti-slavery views of numerous classical liberal economists, such as J. S.
The Free Democratic Party (), abbreviated to FDP, is a classical liberal political party in Germany.
The FDP adheres to a classical liberal ideology, advocating liberalism in both the economic sphere and social sphere.
Friedrich Hayek, a well-known classical liberal, criticized this as a misconception of freedom:
Claude Frédéric Bastiat (; 30 June 180124 December 1850 ) was a French classical liberal theorist, political economist, and member of the French assembly.
The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the " road to servitude ".
Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use " liberal " in its original definition, and the term " libertarian " has been used instead.
Friedrich Hayek argues for the classical liberal view that market economies allow spontaneous order ; that is, " a more efficient allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve.
Those in the liberal and classical wings of Reform believe that in this day and era most Jewish religious rituals are no longer necessary, and many hold that following most Jewish laws is actually counter-productive.
His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.
The liberal arts education ( Latin: artes liberales ) is a type of education with those subjects or skills that in classical antiquity were considered essential for a free person, in other words, a citizen, to know in order to take an active part in civic life and public debate and most importantly, military service ( slaves and resident aliens were by definition excluded from the duties and responsibilities of citizenship ).
The ideal of a liberal arts, or humanistic education grounded in classical languages and literature persisted until the middle of the twentieth century.
") But, he said, " I think the term classical liberal is also equally applicable.
He derived the phrase spontaneous order from Gestalt psychology, and it was adopted by the classical liberal economist Frederick Hayek, although the concept can be traced back to at least Adam Smith.
According to the libertarian Institute for Humane Studies, " the libertarian, or ' classical liberal ,' perspective is that individual well-being, prosperity, and social harmony are fostered by ' as much liberty as possible ' and ' as little government as necessary.

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