In classical cryptography, ciphers were distinguished from codes.

Quantum cryptography protocols typically authenticate part or all of their classical communication with an unconditionally secure authentication scheme e. g. Wegman-Carter authentication.

Because of its more general utility, the remainder of this article will deal primarily with classical information, although quantum information theory does also have some potential applications ( quantum computing, quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation ) that are currently being actively explored by both theorists and experimentalists.

In classical cryptography a null is intended to confuse the cryptanalyst.

In classical cryptography, a permutation cipher is a transposition cipher in which the key is a permutation.

In classical cryptography, the running key cipher is a type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher in which a text, typically from a book, is used to provide a very long keystream.

Finite fields are used in a variety of applications, including in classical coding theory in linear block codes such as BCH codes and Reed – Solomon error correction and in cryptography algorithms such as the Rijndael encryption algorithm.

In classical cryptography, the bifid cipher is a cipher which combines the Polybius square with transposition, and uses fractionation to achieve diffusion.

In cryptography, a classical cipher is a type of cipher that was used historically but now has fallen, for the most part, into disuse.

* In quantum cryptography, a classical channel is used along with a quantum channel in protocols for quantum key exchange.

In classical cryptography, the Hill cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher based on linear algebra.

In classical cryptography, the trifid cipher is a cipher invented around 1901 by Felix Delastelle, which extends the concept of the bifid cipher to a third dimension, allowing each symbol to be fractionated into 3 elements instead of two.

Brassard is best known for his fundamental work in quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation, quantum entanglement distillation, quantum pseudo-telepathy, and the classical simulation of quantum entanglement.

They are also often loosely called roots because they are ancient and have a basic role in word formation, but functionally and often structurally they are distinct from roots: the-graph in autograph is both a root and a classical compound, while the-graphy in cryptography consists of root-graph-and suffix-y, and is only a classical compound.

In tularemia produced by aerosol exposure, one would not expect to find the classical ulcer of `` rabbit fever '' on a finger.

Other new artistic currents including the one of M ' hamed Issiakhem, Mohammed Khadda and Bachir Yelles, appeared on the scene of Algerian painting, abandoning figurative classical painting to find new pictorial ways, in order to adapt Algerian paintings to the new realities of the country through its struggle and its aspirations.

As an unintended consequence, the soundtrack to one of the films — Beethoven's Ninth Symphony — renders Alex unable to listen to his beloved classical music.

André-Marie Ampère ( 20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836 ) was a French physicist and mathematician who is generally regarded as one of the main founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as " electrodynamics ".

Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists in classical antiquity.

The subject has been popular in art since classical times ; it is one of several Greek myths of a Greek hero's rescue of the intended victim of an archaic sacred marriage, giving rise to the " princess and dragon " motif.

Around the same time, on the North slope, in a cave next to the one dedicated to Pan since the classical period, a sanctuary was founded where the archons dedicated to Apollo on taking office.

Similarly, intuitionists object to the existence property for classical logic, where one can prove, without being able to produce any term of which holds.

He also composed one large scale instrumental work in 1815 intended as a study in late classical orchestration: Twenty-Six Variations for the Orchestra on a Theme called La Folia di Spagna.

Dürer's introduction of classical motifs into Northern art, through his knowledge of Italian artists and German humanists, has secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance.

Completed in 1824, the symphony is one of the best-known works of the Western classical repertoire.

The Mahāyānist Nāgārjuna, one of the most influential Buddhist thinkers, promoted classical Buddhist emphasis on phenomena and attacked Sarvāstivāda realism and Sautrāntika nominalism in his magnum opus, The Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way ( Mūlamadhyamakakārikā ).

Oxford classicist Edward Copleston said that classical education “ communicates to the mind … a high sense of honor, a disdain of death in a good cause, a passionate devotion to the welfare of one ’ s country ”, thus concurring with Cicero that: “ All literature, all philosophical treatises, all the voices of antiquity are full of examples for imitation, which would all lie unseen in darkness without the light of literature ”.

Fire is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science.

A concept that anticipates both the four classical elements of Empedocles and Aristotle's transmutation of the four elements into one another.

Air is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science.

Air is not one of the traditional five Chinese classical elements.

Earth is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science.

On paper, using classical notation, this is usually done all in one step.

After it was shown that at least one such body was larger than Pluto, on August 24, 2006 the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) reclassified Pluto, grouping it with two similarly sized " dwarf planets " rather than with the eight " classical planets ".

The Egyptians, Persians and other civilizations mostly used columns for the practical purpose of holding up the roof inside a building, preferring outside walls to be decorated with reliefs or painting, but the Ancient Greeks, followed by the Romans, loved to use them on the outside as well, and the extensive use of columns on the interior and exterior of buildings is one of the most characteristic features of classical architecture, in buildings like the Parthenon.

A classical order is one of the ancient styles of classical architecture, each distinguished by its proportions and characteristic profiles and details, and most readily recognizable by the type of column employed.

Assuming that the rule is known, one can derive the function that is used above in the classical heat calculation with respect to pressure.

In classical logic disjunctive syllogism ( historically known as modus tollendo ponens ) is a valid argument form which is a syllogism having a disjunctive statement for one of its premises.

The earliest bestiary in the form in which it was later popularized was an anonymous 2nd century Greek volume called the Physiologus, which itself summarized ancient knowledge and wisdom about animals in the writings of classical authors such as Aristotle's Historia Animalium and various works by Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, Solinus, Aelian and other naturalists.

Another important source appears to have been Apuleius's The Golden Ass, one of the earliest known novels, a picaresque from late classical antiquity.

The frequentist interpretation is a philosophical approach to the definition and use of probabilities ; it is one of several, and, historically, the earliest to challenge the classical interpretation.

There are far fewer witnesses to classical texts than to the Bible, and unlike the New Testament where the earliest witnesses are often within a couple decades of the original, the earliest existing manuscripts of most classical texts were written about a millennium after their composition.

* June 29 – Handel's Israel in Egypt is recorded onto wax cylinder at The Crystal Palace, it being the earliest known recording of classical music.

The earliest architectural efforts around the city focused on classical European designs such as the Central Train Station ( CFM ) designed by architects Alfredo Augusto Lisboa de Lima, Mario Veiga and Ferreira da Costa and built between 1913 and 1916 ( sometimes mistaken with the work of Gustav Eiffel ), and the Hotel Polana designed by Herbert Baker.

Although Caesarean sections were performed in Roman times, no classical source records a mother surviving such a delivery, – the earliest recorded survival dates to 1500 AD – and Caesar's mother Aurelia Cotta lived to serve him as an advisor in his adulthood.

A widely accepted theory in classical studies is that the earliest temple structures were of wood and the great forms, or elements of architectural style, were codified and rather permanent by the time we see the Archaic emergent and established.

The Delphic Oracle is one of the earliest stories in classical antiquity of prophetic abilities.

The earliest precursor to modern complex systems theory can be found in the classical political economy of the Scottish Enlightenment, later developed by the Austrian school of economics, which says that order in market systems is spontaneous ( or emergent ) in that it is the result of human action, but not the execution of any human design.

Another factor casting doubt on this link is that the latest known classical senet board is over half of a millennium older than the earliest known XII scripta board.

Along with being among the earliest punk rock groups to incorporate elements and the influence of heavy metal melodies and rhythm, there were often overt freestyles, free jazz, breakbeat and contemporary classical elements in their sound, especially in Ginn's guitar playing, and the band interspersed records and performances with instrumentals throughout their career.

Its earliest use in Europe dates back to the 19th century in Budrio, a town near Bologna, Italy, where Giuseppe Donati transformed the ocarina from a toy, which only played a few notes, into a more comprehensive instrument ( known as the first " classical " ocarinas ).

The earliest Western musical influences in Australia can be traced back to two distinct sources: the first free settlers who brought with them the European classical music tradition, and the large body of convicts and sailors, who brought the traditional folk music of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

Charles Ives was one of the earliest American classical composers of enduring international significance, producing music in a uniquely American style, though his music was mostly unknown until after his death in 1954.

One of the earliest literary references to classical conditioning can be found in the comic novel The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman ( 1759 ) by Laurence Sterne.

From his earliest years he showed a strong taste for classical studies, and after completing F Invernizi's edition of Aristophanes at an early age, and editing several grammarians and rhetoricians, was in 1828 appointed extraordinary professor of literary history in his native city.

However, it seems likely that self-portraits go back to the cave paintings, the earliest representational art, and literature records several classical examples that are now lost.

Adam Smith, one of the earliest classical economists, refers to public opinion in his Theory of Moral Sentiments, but it was Jeremy Bentham, the famous utilitarian Philosopher, who fully developed theories of public opinion.

The earliest example of this is perhaps his canvases in the Ca ' Dolfin, which allowed Tiepolo to introduce exuberant costumes, classical sculpture, and action that appears to spill from the frames into the room.

Every year he exhibited work of one class or another: occasionally a public monument in the round, like those of Pasquale Paoli ( 1798 ) or Captain Montague ( 1802 ) for Westminster Abbey, of Sir William Jones for University College, Oxford ( 1797 – 1801 ), of Nelson or Howe for St Paul's Cathedral ; more often memorials for churches, with symbolic Acts of Mercy or illustrations of Scripture texts, both commonly in low relief ( 1801 ), Miss Cromwell, Chichester ( 1800 ), Mrs Knight, Milton, Cambridge ( 1802 ), and many more ; and these pious labours he would vary from time to time with a classical piece like those of his earliest predilection.