Help


[permalink] [id link]
+
Page "Procedural knowledge" ¶ 6
from Wikipedia
Edit
Promote Demote Fragment Fix

Some Related Sentences

cognitive and psychology
Figure illustrating the fields that contributed to the birth of cognitive science, including linguistics, neuroscience, artificial Intelligence, philosophy, anthropology, and psychology.
However, although these early writers contributed greatly to the philosophical discovery of mind and this would ultimately lead to the development of psychology, they were working with an entirely different set of tools and core concepts than those of the cognitive scientist.
"... One major contribution of AI and cognitive science to psychology has been the information processing model of human thinking in which the metaphor of brain-as-computer is taken quite literally.
This type of research is closely tied to that in cognitive psychology and psychophysics.
Psychophysical experiments are an old psychological technique, which has been adopted by cognitive psychology.
In a paper written shortly before his death, B. F. Skinner stated that " cognitive science is the creation science of psychology.
CBT was primarily developed through an integration of behavior therapy ( first popularized by Edward Thorndike ) with cognitive psychology research, first by Donald Meichenbaum and several other authors with the label of cognitive-behavior modification in the late 1970s.
In its early years, critics held that the empiricism of cognitive psychology was incompatible with its acceptance of internal mental states.
However, the sibling field of cognitive neuroscience has provided evidence of physiological brain states that directly correlate with mental states-thus providing support for the central assumption of cognitive psychology.
Cognitive psychology has also influenced the area of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ( CBT ) where the combination of cognitive and behavioral psychology are used to treat a patient.
Ulric Neisser coined the term " cognitive psychology " in his book Cognitive Psychology, published in 1967 wherein Neisser provides a definition of cognitive psychology characterizing people as dynamic information-processing systems whose mental operations might be described in computational terms.
But although cognitive psychology is concerned with all human activity rather than some fraction of it, the concern is from a particular point of view.
Cognitive psychology is one of the more recent additions to psychological research, having only developed as a separate area within the discipline since the late 1950s and early 1960s following the " cognitive revolution " initiated by Noam Chomsky's 1959 critique of behaviorism and empiricism more generally.
Applied to language as the primary mental knowledge representation system, cognitive psychology has exploited tree and network mental models.
This way of conceiving mental processes has pervaded psychology more generally over the past few decades, and it is not uncommon to find cognitive theories within social psychology, personality psychology, abnormal psychology, and developmental psychology.
The application of cognitive theories to comparative psychology has driven many recent studies in animal cognition.

cognitive and procedural
The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including voluntary motor control, procedural learning relating to routine behaviors or " habits " such as bruxism, eye movements, and cognitive, emotional functions.
" This example illustrates the difference between procedural knowledge and the ordinary notion of knowing how, a distinction which is acknowledged by many cognitive psychologists ( Stillings, et al.
For instance, research by a cognitive psychologist Pawel Lewicki has demonstrated that procedural knowledge can be acquired by nonconscious processing of information about covariations.
The Procedural Deficit Hypothesis opines that we can explain language impairments due to abnormal development of brain structures that are involved in procedural memory, our memories that remember how to perform different cognitive and motor tasks.
RFT provides conceptual and procedural guidance for enhancing the cognitive and language development capability ( through its detailed treatment and analysis of derived relational responding and the transformation of function ) of early intensive behavior intervention ( EIBI ) programs for young children with autism and related disorders.

cognitive and knowledge
Most in cognitive science, however, presumably do not believe their field is the study of anything as certain as the knowledge sought by Plato.
In the last fifty years or so, more and more researchers have studied knowledge and use of language as a cognitive phenomenon, the main problems being how knowledge of language can be acquired and used, and what precisely it consists of.
Research in this area attempts to understand the relation between expert knowledge and exceptional performance in terms of cognitive structures and processes.
Work on " Skilled Memory and Expertise " by Anders Ericsson and James J. Staszewski confronts the paradox of expertise and claims that people not only acquire content knowledge as they practice cognitive skills, they also develop mechanisms that enable them to use a large and familiar knowledge base efficiently.
Education also capitalizes on cognitive change, because the construction of knowledge presupposes effective teaching methods that would move the student from a lower to a higher level of understanding.
As learning would be affected by prior knowledge and understanding, he needed something that could be easily memorized but which had no prior cognitive associations.
The term bounded rationality is used to designate rational choice that takes into account the cognitive limitations of both knowledge and cognitive capacity.
Although not unchallenged, validity generalization has broad acceptance with regard to many selection instruments ( e. g. cognitive ability tests, job knowledge tests, work samples, and structured interviews ) across a broad range of jobs.
Common selection tools include ability tests ( e. g., cognitive, physical, or psychomotor ), knowledge tests, personality tests, structured interviews, the systematic collection of biographical data, and work samples.
Frame structures are well-suited for the representation of schematic knowledge and stereotypical cognitive patterns.
Learning brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views.
Two key assumptions underlie this cognitive approach: ( 1 ) that the memory system is an active organized processor of information and ( 2 ) that prior knowledge plays an important role in learning.
The distinguishing characteristic of logic ( the art of non-contradictory identification ) indicates the nature of the actions ( actions of consciousness required to achieve a correct identification ) and their goal ( knowledge )— while omitting the length, complexity or specific steps of the process of logical inference, as well as the nature of the particular cognitive problem involved in any given instance of using logic.
There is a growing body of knowledge of the mechanics of sensory processes in cognitive psychology.
The Chomskyan school also holds the belief that linguistic structures are largely innate and that what are perceived as differences between specific languages – the knowledge acquired by learning a language – are merely surface phenomena and do not affect cognitive processes that are universal to all human beings.
The concept of the Semantic Network Model was coined in the early sixties by the cognitive scientist Allan M. Collins, linguist M. Ross Quillian and psychologist Elizabeth F. Loftus in various publications, as a form to represent semantically structured knowledge.
Word grammar is an example of cognitive linguistics, which models language as part of general knowledge and not as a specialised mental faculty.
Another question about the objectivity of observations relates to the so called " experimenter's regress ", as well as to other problems identified from the sociology of scientific knowledge: as with all forms of human reasoning, the people who interpret the observations or experiments always have cognitive and social biases that lead them, often in an unconscious way, to introduce their own interpretations into their description of what they are ' seeing '.
Active research traditions related to the unconscious include implicit memory ( see priming, implicit attitudes ), and nonconscious acquisition of knowledge ( see Lewicki, see also the section on cognitive perspective, below ).
While, historically, the psychoanalytic research tradition was the first to focus on the phenomenon of unconscious mental activity, there is an extensive body of conclusive research and knowledge in contemporary cognitive psychology devoted to the mental activity that is not mediated by conscious awareness.
Via these factors intelligence and knowledge stimulate growth leading to national wealth, which in turn may boost cognitive ability in a virtuous circle.

0.232 seconds.