* Argument ( computer science ), a piece of data provided as input to a subroutine

In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm ( originating from al-Khwārizmī, the famous Persian mathematician Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī ) is a step-by-step procedure for calculations.

* Program analysis ( computer science ) – the process of automatically analyzing the behavior of computer programs

* Semantic analysis ( computer science ) – a pass by a compiler that adds semantical information to the parse tree and performs certain checks

* Atomic operation, in computer science

He was highly influential in the development of computer science, giving a formalisation of the concepts of " algorithm " and " computation " with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer.

Turing is widely considered to be the father of computer science and artificial intelligence.

Babbage understood that the existence of an automatic computer would kindle interest in the field now known as algorithmic efficiency, writing in his Passages from the Life of a Philosopher, " As soon as an Analytical Engine exists, it will necessarily guide the future course of the science.

In algorithmic information theory ( a subfield of computer science ), the Kolmogorov complexity of an object, such as a piece of text, is a measure of the computational resources needed to specify the object.

Algorithmic information theory is the area of computer science that studies Kolmogorov complexity and other complexity measures on strings ( or other data structures ).

In computer science, an array data structure or simply an array is a data structure consisting of a collection of elements ( values or variables ), each identified by at least one array index or key.

The term is also used, especially in the description of algorithms, to mean associative array or " abstract array ", a theoretical computer science model ( an abstract data type or ADT ) intended to capture the essential properties of arrays.

In computer science, an AVL tree is a self-balancing binary search tree, and it was the first such data structure to be invented.

Category: 1962 in computer science

In computer science, the analysis of algorithms is the determination of the number of resources ( such as time and storage ) necessary to execute them.

Run-time efficiency is a topic of great interest in computer science: A program can take seconds, hours or even years to finish executing, depending on which algorithm it implements ( see also performance analysis, which is the analysis of an algorithm's run-time in practice ).

In computer science, an abstract data type ( ADT ) is a mathematical model for a certain class of data structures that have similar behavior ; or for certain data types of one or more programming languages that have similar semantics.

This cutting-edge technology has a promising potential of leading a new revolution in science as integrated circuits did in computer developments.

* Alternating Turing machine, model of computation used in theoretical computer science

* Program analysis ( computer science )

* Artificial intelligence, a branch of computer science.

* List of open problems in computer science

In a category with exponentials, using the isomorphism ( in computer science, this is called currying ), the Ackermann function may be defined via primitive recursion over higher-order functionals as follows:

An audio file format is a file format for storing digital audio data on a computer system.

The. ra format allows files to be stored in a self-contained fashion on a computer, with all of the audio data contained inside the file itself.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ) is, according to the ATM Forum, " a telecommunications concept defined by ANSI and ITU ( formerly CCITT ) standards for carriage of a complete range of user traffic, including voice, data, and video signals ," and is designed to unify telecommunication and computer networks.

This form of data manipulation allows for rapid computer visualisation and analysis, with data presented as point cloud data with additional information, such as each ion's mass to charge ( as computed from the velocity equation above ), voltage or other auxiliary measured quantity or computation therefrom.

The encoding of data by discrete bits was used in the punched cards invented by Basile Bouchon and Jean-Baptiste Falcon ( 1732 ), developed by Joseph Marie Jacquard ( 1804 ), and later adopted by Semen Korsakov, Charles Babbage, Hermann Hollerith, and early computer manufacturers like IBM.

The team will use the data obtained to create innovative computer simulations that can be used to model how sediment flows through these channels.

* Binary tree, a computer tree data structure in which each node has at most two children

Like the hard drive, there is nothing in a computer clock circuit or data transfer path that demands or even encourages that things happen at rates easily expressed using powers of 1024, or even using powers of 2.

However, its primary use since at least the late 1980s has been to describe the application of computer science and information sciences to the analysis of biological data, particularly in those areas of genomics involving large-scale DNA sequencing.

A broadcast domain is a logical division of a computer network, in which all nodes can reach each other by broadcast at the data link layer.

In computer science, a binary tree is a tree data structure in which each node has at most two child nodes, usually distinguished as " left " and " right ".

In computer security and programming, a buffer overflow, or buffer overrun, is an anomaly where a program, while writing data to a buffer, overruns the buffer's boundary and overwrites adjacent memory.

Health-related data such as that from hospital computer systems, clinical laboratories, electronic health record systems, medical examiner record-keeping systems, 911 call center computers, and veterinary medical record systems could be of help ; researchers are also considering the utility of data generated by ranching and feedlot operations, food processors, drinking water systems, school attendance recording, and physiologic monitors, among others.

Sometimes it was necessary to re-think the structure of the problem so that the computer would function satisfactorily.

In computer science, a B-tree is a tree data structure that keeps data sorted and allows searches, sequential access, insertions, and deletions in logarithmic time.

< imagemap > Image: Operating system placement. svg | thumb | A layer structure showing where the operating system software and application software are situated while running on a typical desktop computer

Context-free grammars are important in linguistics for describing the structure of sentences and words in natural language, and in computer science for describing the structure of programming languages and other formal languages.

Block structure was introduced into computer programming languages by the Algol project ( 1957 – 1960 ), which, as a consequence, also featured a context-free grammar to describe the resulting Algol syntax.

The " block structure " aspect that context-free grammars capture is so fundamental to grammar that the terms syntax and grammar are often identified with context-free grammar rules, especially in computer science.

Before the RISC philosophy became prominent, many computer architects tried to bridge the so called semantic gap, i. e. to design instruction sets that directly supported high-level programming constructs such as procedure calls, loop control, and complex addressing modes, allowing data structure and array accesses to be combined into single instructions.

In general the term " data independence " means that changes in the database's structure do not require changes in its application's computer programs, and that changes in the database at a certain architectural level ( see below ) do not affect the database's levels above.

Ecologists use a mixture of computer models and field studies to explain metapopulation structure.

The French Prolog computer language, designed in 1972, marks a real advance over expert systems like Dendral or Mycin: it is a shell, that is to say a software structure ready to receive any expert system and to run it.

Applications include computer algorithms such as the Fibonacci search technique and the Fibonacci heap data structure, and graphs called Fibonacci cubes used for interconnecting parallel and distributed systems.

Advances in seismology, computer modeling, and mineralogy and crystallography at high temperatures and pressures give insights into the internal composition and structure of the Earth.

In computer science, a heap is a specialized tree-based data structure that satisfies the heap property: If A is a parent node of B then key ( A ) is ordered with respect to key ( B ) with the same ordering applying across the heap.

In computer science, particularly artificial intelligence, a number of representations have been devised to structure information.

In computer science, a linked list is a data structure consisting of a group of nodes which together represent a sequence.

Several perspectives or branches of such academic dictionary research have been distinguished: ' dictionary criticism ' ( or evaluating the quality of one or more dictionaries, e. g. by means of reviews ( see Nielsen 2009 )), ' dictionary history ' ( or tracing the traditions of a type of dictionary or of lexicography in a particular country or language ), ' dictionary typology ' ( or classifying the various genres of reference works, such as dictionary versus encyclopedia, monolingual versus bilingual dictionary, general versus technical or pedagogical dictionary ), ' dictionary structure ' ( or formatting the various ways in which the information is presented in a dictionary ), ' dictionary use ' ( or observing the reference acts and skills of dictionary users ), and ' dictionary IT ' ( or applying computer aids to the process of dictionary compilation ).

Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology have developed a computer model analyzing early toddler conversations to predict the structure of later conversations.