In contrast, modern genetics has developed a view on sex determination in which no one single factor is responsible for determining sex ; a number of pro-male, anti-male and pro-female genes being responsible, though the largest factor is whether the male's gamete carries an X or Y chromosome.

By contrast, gametes of diploid organisms contain only half as many chromosomes.

Levitsky seems to have been the first to define the karyotype as the phenotypic appearance of the somatic chromosomes, in contrast to their genic contents.

Levitsky seems to have been the first to define the karyotype as the phenotypic appearance of the somatic chromosomes, in contrast to their genic contents.

In contrast, somatoform disorders are characterised by multiple somatic complaints, albeit both are diagnoses of exclusion.

In contrast to economic theory, the somatic marker hypothesis proposes that emotions play a critical role in our ability to make fast, rational decisions in complex and uncertain situations.

In contrast, in germline gene therapy, the egg and sperm cells of the parents are changed for the purpose of passing on the changes to their offspring.

In contrast to prokaryotes, the size of eukaryotic cells allows for the possibility of detecting gradients, which results in a dynamic and polarized distribution of receptors.

By contrast, for higher frequency radiations at ultraviolet frequencies and above ( i. e., X-rays and gamma rays ) the damage to chemical materials and living cells by EMR is far larger than that done by simple heating, due to the ability of single photons in such high frequency EMR to damage individual molecules chemically.

In contrast, putative fossil cyanobacteria cells from the 3. 4 Ga Warrawoona Group in Western Australia are in dispute since abiotic processes cannot be ruled out.

( By contrast, in cell relay networks data is transmitted in short, uniformly sized units called cells.

Live cells in particular generally lack sufficient contrast to be studied successfully, internal structures of the cell are colourless and transparent.

Human cells imaged by DHM phase shift ( left ) and phase contrast microscopy ( right ).

In contrast to most eukaryotic cells, mature sperm cells largely use protamines to package their genomic DNA, most likely to achieve an even higher packaging ratio.

In contrast, granulosa cells lack 17α-hydroxylase and 17, 20-lyase, whereas theca cells express these enzymes and 17β-HSD but lack aromatase.

By contrast, in vivo experiments on proteins ' activities within cells or even within whole organisms can provide complementary information about where a protein functions and how it is regulated.

Frames are comparable to data packets ; however they contrast from cells in that they may fluctuate in size based on circumstances.

The microbial cells growing in a biofilm are physiologically distinct from planktonic cells of the same organism, which, by contrast, are single-cells that may float or swim in a liquid medium.

A cellular automaton consists of a regular grid of cells, each in one of a finite number of states, such as on and off ( in contrast to a coupled map lattice ).

* In Diabetes mellitus type 2, by contrast, beta cells decline gradually over time, and insulin resistance plays at least as large a role in the disease

In contrast, oxygen and nutrients diffuse across the blood vessel layers and enters interstitial fluid, which carries oxygen and nutrients to the target cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes in the opposite direction.

While it was once thought that the input to layer I came from the cortex itself, it is now realized that layer I across the cerebral cortex mantle receives substantial input from ‘‘ matrix ’’ or M-type thalamus cells ( in contrast to ‘‘ core ’’ or C-type that go to layer IV ).

Subclass IIIb, in contrast, comprises those peptides that do not cause cell lysis, killing the target cells by disrupting the membrane potential, which causes ATP efflux.

Fibroblasts can also migrate slowly over substratum as individual cells, again in contrast to epithelial cells.

In contrast, the cells of the inner cell mass restrict mtDNA replication until they receive the signals to differentiate to specific cell types.

In contrast to this Stoic-patristic view, Utopia implies that the nature of man is such that to rely on individual conscience to supply the deficiencies of municipal law is to embark on the bottomless sea of human sinfulness in a sieve.

In contrast, in systems of reincarnation, such as those in the Dharmic tradition, the nature of the continued existence is determined directly by the actions of the individual in the ended life, rather than through the decision of another being.

In contrast with other continents, it is marked by the comparatively small area of either very high or very low ground, lands under occupying an unusually small part of the surface ; while not only are the highest elevations inferior to those of Asia or South America, but the area of land over is also quite insignificant, being represented almost entirely by individual peaks and mountain ranges.

By contrast, peer-to-peer networks involve two or more computers pooling individual resources such as disk drives, CD-ROMs and printers.

Planned economies are in contrast to unplanned economies, i. e. the market economy and proposed self-managed economy, where production, distribution, pricing, and investment decisions are made by autonomous firms based upon their individual interests rather than upon a macroeconomic plan.

(" Postulate " in Dianetics and Scientology has the meaning of " a conclusion, decision or resolution made by the individual himself ; to conclude, decide or resolve a problem or to set a pattern for the future or to nullify a pattern of the past " in contrast to its conventional meanings.

Diffraction contrast, in electron microscopes and x-topography devices in particular, is also a powerful tool for examining individual defects and local strain fields in crystals.

Morphology, by contrast, refers to structure at and below the word level ( e. g. how compound words are formed ), but above the level of individual sounds, which, like intonation, are in the domain of phonology.

Quasi-judicial institutions, by contrast, make rulings on cases, but these rulings are not in themselves legally binding ; the main example is the individual complaints mechanisms available under the various UN human rights treaties.

" Particular " or " Partial justice ", by contrast, is the part of " general justice " or the individual virtue that is concerned with treating others equitably.

In contrast, Neusner views each rabbinic document as an individual piece of evidence that can only shed light on the more local Judaisms of such specific document's place of origin and the specific Judaism of the author.

In contrast, in Germany, the relation between individual employees and employers is considered to be asymmetrical.

In the United States, by contrast, although it is historically aligned with the Democratic Party, the union movement is by no means monolithic on that point ; this is especially true among the individual " rank and file " members.

In contrast, microeconomics is primarily focused on the actions of individual agents, such as firms and consumers, and how their behavior determines prices and quantities in specific markets.

This means that an individual firm's demand curve is downward sloping, in contrast to perfect competition, which has a perfectly elastic demand schedule.

The second application for UV microscopes is contrast enhancement where the response of individual samples is enhanced, relative to their surrounding, due to the interaction of light with the molecules within the sample itself.

The second ( more recent and more advanced ) technique employs focal plane array detection for infrared chemical imaging, where the image contrast is determined by the response of individual sample regions to particular IR wavelengths selected by the user.

) In 1999, Susan Blackmore, a psychologist at the University of the West of England, published The Meme Machine, which more fully worked out the ideas of Dennett, Lynch, and Brodie and attempted to compare and contrast them with various approaches from the cultural evolutionary mainstream, as well as providing novel, and controversial, memetic-based theories for the evolution of language and the human sense of individual selfhood.

By contrast, the Habsburg frontier had settled into a reasonably permanent border, marked only by relatively minor battles concentrating on the possession of individual fortresses.

* By contrast, cellular slime molds spend most of their lives as individual unicellular protists, but when a chemical signal is secreted, they assemble into a cluster that acts as one organism.

In contrast, males often use every opportunity they have to mate, as they are less invested in each individual offspring.

In contrast to Stalin's sprawling authoritarian and totalitarian state, the Situationists favored democratic workers ' councils and workers ' self-management intended to empower every individual equally and prevent anyone from centralizing power.

This idea of a superficial contrast between characters ' individual linguistic style, tone and sphere of interest, leading to an understanding of the deeper unity between the ancient and modern, is a recurring theme in The Hobbit.