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cryptography and cipher
In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm operating on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks, with an unvarying transformation that is specified by a symmetric key.
In non-technical usage, a " cipher " is the same thing as a " code "; however, the concepts are distinct in cryptography.
In cryptography, key size or key length is the size measured in bits of the key used in a cryptographic algorithm ( such as a cipher ).
In cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming information ( referred to as plaintext ) using an algorithm ( called a cipher ) to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key.
In cryptography, the International Data Encryption Algorithm ( IDEA ) is a block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described in 1991.
The polyalphabetic cipher was, at least in principle, for it was not properly used for several hundred years, the most significant advance in cryptography since before Julius Caesar's time.
* Block cipher modes of operation, in cryptography
* MARS ( cryptography ), a block cipher that was IBM's submission to the Advanced Encryption Standard process.
In cryptography, RC4 ( also known as ARC4 or ARCFOUR meaning Alleged RC4, see below ) is the most widely used software stream cipher and is used in popular protocols such as Secure Sockets Layer ( SSL ) ( to protect Internet traffic ) and WEP ( to secure wireless networks ).
The term cypherpunk, derived from cipher and punk, was coined by Jude Milhon as a pun to describe cyberpunks who used cryptography.
In the history of cryptography, Typex ( alternatively, Type X or TypeX ) machines were British cipher machines used from 1937.
In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encryption by which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext, according to a regular system ; the " units " may be single letters ( the most common ), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth.
In cryptography, a transposition cipher is a method of encryption by which the positions held by units of plaintext ( which are commonly characters or groups of characters ) are shifted according to a regular system, so that the ciphertext constitutes a permutation of the plaintext.
In other words, two successive applications of ROT13 restore the original text ( in mathematics, this is sometimes called an involution ; in cryptography, a reciprocal cipher ).
In cryptography, Triple DES is the common name for the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm ( TDEA or Triple DEA ) block cipher, which applies the Data Encryption Standard ( DES ) cipher algorithm three times to each data block.
In cryptography, a Caesar cipher, also known as Caesar's cipher, the shift cipher, Caesar's code or Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most widely known encryption techniques.
In cryptography, a stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream ( keystream ).
As with other attacks in cryptography, stream cipher attacks can be certificational, meaning they aren't necessarily practical ways to break the cipher but indicate that the cipher might have other weaknesses.

cryptography and cypher
* MAG ( cryptography ), a stream cypher
Public notice had actually been served that Japanese cryptography was dangerously inadequate by the Chicago Tribune, which published a series of stories just after Midway, starting on 7 June 1942, which claimed ( correctly ) that victory was due in large part to U. S. breaks into Japanese crypto systems ( in this case, the JN-25 cypher, though which system ( s ) had been broken was not mentioned in the newspaper stories ).

cryptography and is
The latter is more cumbersome to use, so it's only employed when necessary, for example in the analysis of arbitrary-precision arithmetic algorithms, like those used in cryptography.
* symmetric key algorithms ( Private-key cryptography ), where the same key is used for encryption and decryption, and
It is one of the earliest practical examples of key exchange implemented within the field of cryptography.
The introduction of DES is considered to have been a catalyst for the academic study of cryptography, particularly of methods to crack block ciphers.
" An astonishing share of the open literature in cryptography in the 1970s and 1980s dealt with the DES, and the DES is the standard against which every symmetric key algorithm since has been compared.
Elliptic curve cryptography ( ECC ) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields.
Public-key cryptography is based on the intractability of certain mathematical problems.
Elliptic curve cryptography is vulnerable to a modified Shor's algorithm for solving the discrete logarithm problem on elliptic curves.
The result of the process is information ( in cryptography, referred to as ciphertext ).
Factorization of large integers is believed to be a computationally very difficult problem, and the security of many modern cryptography systems is based upon its infeasibility.
The Communications-Electronics Security Group ( CESG ) of GCHQ provides assistance to government departments on their own communications security: CESG is the UK national technical authority for information assurance, including cryptography.
Although related, the distinctions among these measures mean that a random variable with high Shannon entropy is not necessarily satisfactory for use in an extractor and so for cryptography uses.
Information security uses cryptography to transform usable information into a form that renders it unusable by anyone other than an authorized user ; this process is called encryption.
The presumed difficulty of this problem is at the heart of widely used algorithms in cryptography such as RSA.
This will have significant implications for cryptography if a large quantum computer is ever built.
The problem often arises in resource allocation where there are financial constraints and is studied in fields such as combinatorics, computer science, complexity theory, cryptography and applied mathematics.

cryptography and algorithm
Common families include symmetric systems ( e. g. AES ) and asymmetric systems ( e. g. RSA ); they may alternatively be grouped according to the central algorithm used ( e. g. elliptic curve cryptography ).
One of the asymmetric algorithm types, elliptic curve cryptography, or ECC, appears to be secure with shorter keys than those needed by other asymmetric key algorithms.
Derivatives of Shor's algorithm are widely conjectured to be effective against all mainstream public-key algorithms including RSA, Diffie-Hellman and elliptic curve cryptography.
In 2002, Hellman suggested the algorithm be called Diffie – Hellman – Merkle key exchange in recognition of Ralph Merkle's contribution to the invention of public-key cryptography ( Hellman, 2002 ).
An algorithm that efficiently factors an arbitrary integer would render RSA-based public-key cryptography insecure.
* Key ( cryptography ), a piece of information that controls the operation of a cryptography algorithm
RSA is an algorithm for public-key cryptography that is based on the presumed difficulty of factoring large integers, the factoring problem.
In 1995 Adam Back wrote a version of the RSA algorithm for public-key cryptography in three lines of Perl and suggested people use it as an email signature file:
If a quantum computer with a sufficient number of qubits were to be constructed, Shor's algorithm could be used to break public-key cryptography schemes such as the widely used RSA scheme.
It is an open question, and one central to the theory and practice of cryptography, whether there is any way to distinguish the output of a high-quality PRNG from a truly random sequence without knowing the algorithm ( s ) used and the state with which it was initialized.
The algorithm in its native form is not suitable for cryptography ( unlike Blum Blum Shub ).
In cryptography, a key is a piece of information ( a parameter ) that determines the functional output of a cryptographic algorithm or cipher.
The history of cryptography provides evidence that it can be difficult to keep the details of a widely used algorithm secret ( see security through obscurity ).
He is a co-inventor of the RSA algorithm ( along with Ron Rivest and Len Adleman ), a co-inventor of the Feige – Fiat – Shamir identification scheme ( along with Uriel Feige and Amos Fiat ), one of the inventors of differential cryptanalysis and has made numerous contributions to the fields of cryptography and computer science.
Shamir has also made contributions to computer science outside of cryptography, such as finding the first linear time algorithm for 2-satisfiability and showing the equivalence of the complexity classes PSPACE and IP.
In cryptography, the ElGamal encryption system is an asymmetric key encryption algorithm for public-key cryptography which is based on the Diffie – Hellman key exchange.

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