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cryptography and ciphertext
The result of the process is information ( in cryptography, referred to as ciphertext ).
In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encryption by which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext, according to a regular system ; the " units " may be single letters ( the most common ), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth.
In cryptography, a transposition cipher is a method of encryption by which the positions held by units of plaintext ( which are commonly characters or groups of characters ) are shifted according to a regular system, so that the ciphertext constitutes a permutation of the plaintext.
Symmetric-key algorithms are a class of algorithms for cryptography that use the same cryptographic keys for both encryption of plaintext and decryption of ciphertext.
In cryptography, unicity distance is the length of an original ciphertext needed to break the cipher by reducing the number of possible spurious keys to zero in a brute force attack.
In cryptography, ciphertext ( or cyphertext ) is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher.
In complexity-theoretic cryptography, security against adaptive chosen-ciphertext attacks is commonly modeled using ciphertext indistinguishability ( IND-CCA2 ).
In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack ( COA ) or known ciphertext attack is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of ciphertexts.
In cryptography, a cryptosystem is semantically secure if an adversary who knows the encryption algorithm and is in possession of a ciphertext is unable to determine any information about the plaintext.
The most common definitions used in cryptography are indistinguishability under chosen plaintext attack ( abbreviated IND-CPA ), indistinguishability under ( non-adaptive ) chosen ciphertext attack ( IND-CCA ), and indistinguishability under adaptive chosen ciphertext attack ( IND-CCA2 ).
In cryptography, the term ciphertext expansion refers to the length increase of a message when it is encrypted.

cryptography and stealing
* Ciphertext stealing in cryptography

cryptography and is
The latter is more cumbersome to use, so it's only employed when necessary, for example in the analysis of arbitrary-precision arithmetic algorithms, like those used in cryptography.
In cryptography, a block cipher is a deterministic algorithm operating on fixed-length groups of bits, called blocks, with an unvarying transformation that is specified by a symmetric key.
In cryptography, a cipher ( or cypher ) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption — a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure.
In non-technical usage, a " cipher " is the same thing as a " code "; however, the concepts are distinct in cryptography.
* symmetric key algorithms ( Private-key cryptography ), where the same key is used for encryption and decryption, and
In cryptography, key size or key length is the size measured in bits of the key used in a cryptographic algorithm ( such as a cipher ).
It is one of the earliest practical examples of key exchange implemented within the field of cryptography.
The introduction of DES is considered to have been a catalyst for the academic study of cryptography, particularly of methods to crack block ciphers.
" An astonishing share of the open literature in cryptography in the 1970s and 1980s dealt with the DES, and the DES is the standard against which every symmetric key algorithm since has been compared.
Elliptic curve cryptography ( ECC ) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields.
Public-key cryptography is based on the intractability of certain mathematical problems.
Elliptic curve cryptography is vulnerable to a modified Shor's algorithm for solving the discrete logarithm problem on elliptic curves.
In cryptography, encryption is the process of transforming information ( referred to as plaintext ) using an algorithm ( called a cipher ) to make it unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a key.
Factorization of large integers is believed to be a computationally very difficult problem, and the security of many modern cryptography systems is based upon its infeasibility.
The Communications-Electronics Security Group ( CESG ) of GCHQ provides assistance to government departments on their own communications security: CESG is the UK national technical authority for information assurance, including cryptography.
Although related, the distinctions among these measures mean that a random variable with high Shannon entropy is not necessarily satisfactory for use in an extractor and so for cryptography uses.
Information security uses cryptography to transform usable information into a form that renders it unusable by anyone other than an authorized user ; this process is called encryption.
In cryptography, the International Data Encryption Algorithm ( IDEA ) is a block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described in 1991.
The presumed difficulty of this problem is at the heart of widely used algorithms in cryptography such as RSA.
This will have significant implications for cryptography if a large quantum computer is ever built.
The problem often arises in resource allocation where there are financial constraints and is studied in fields such as combinatorics, computer science, complexity theory, cryptography and applied mathematics.

cryptography and general
He is the author of several books on general security topics, computer security and cryptography, and is the founder and chief technology officer of BT Managed Security Solutions, formerly Counterpane Internet Security, Inc.
In cryptography, linear cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis based on finding affine approximations to the action of a cipher.
Because of its more general utility, the remainder of this article will deal primarily with classical information, although quantum information theory does also have some potential applications ( quantum computing, quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation ) that are currently being actively explored by both theorists and experimentalists.
As with elliptic curve cryptography in general, the bit size of the public key believed to be needed for ECDSA is about twice the size of the security level, in bits.
Solving multivariate quadratic equations ( MQ ) over a finite set of numbers is an NP-hard problem ( in the general case ) with several applications in cryptography.
In cryptography and number theory, TWIRL ( The Weizmann Institute Relation Locator ) is a hypothetical hardware device designed to speed up the sieving step of the general number field sieve integer factorization algorithm.
Such a disguised message is considered to be an example of steganography, which is a sub-branch of general cryptography.
It is general term used in cryptography for a database of multiple keys or passwords.
In general, SPEKE can use any prime order group that is suitable for public key cryptography, including elliptic curve cryptography.
Strong cryptography or cryptographically strong are general terms applied cryptographic systems or components that are considered highly resistant to cryptanalysis.
* Data integrity a concept from information and telecommunications technology in general and cryptography in particular

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