Experimental studies of the phenomenon require a clearly defined state of the substrate surface and its contaminant density etc., upon which the thin film is deposited.

Jost extended the 1997 studies through his French " Passion 2001 " expedition, explaining the evolution of the ecosystem, and releasing several papers, a video film, and a website.

Do the Right Thing ( 1989 ), Spike Lee's debut film, and The Color Purple ( 1985 ) were full character studies of African American culture and history.

The development of feminist film theory was influenced by second wave feminism and the development of women's studies within the academy.

In the 1960s and 1970s, film theory took up residence in academia importing concepts from established disciplines like psychoanalysis, gender studies, anthropology, literary theory, semiotics and linguistics.

However, not until the late 1980s or early 1990s did film theory per se achieve much prominence in American universities by displacing the prevailing humanistic, auteur theory that had dominated cinema studies and which had been focused on the practical elements of film writing, production, editing and criticism.

American scholar David Bordwell has spoken against many prominent developments film theory since the 1970s, i. e., he uses the humorously derogatory term " SLAB theory " to refer to film studies based on the ideas of Saussure, Lacan, Althusser, and / or Barthes.

Alain Silver, the most widely published American critic specializing in film noir studies, refers to film noir as a " cycle " and a " phenomenon ", even as he argues that it has — like certain genres — a consistent set of visual and thematic codes.

With knowledge of his sexuality becoming more common beginning in the 1970s, some film historians and gay studies scholars have detected homosexual themes in Whale's work, particularly in Bride of Frankenstein in which a number of the creative people associated with the cast, including Ernest Thesiger and Colin Clive, were alleged to be gay or bisexual.

Researchers may also develop and employ theories and methods from disciplines including cultural studies, rhetoric, philosophy, literary theory, psychology, political science, political economy, economics, sociology, anthropology, social theory, art history and criticism, film theory, feminist theory, and information theory.

In secondary schools, an early " film studies " course first began being taught as part of the Victorian junior secondary curriculum during the mid 1960s.

In the Netherlands, media studies are split into several academic courses such as ( applied ) communication sciences, communication-and information sciences, communication and media, media and culture or theater, film and television sciences.

The title “ media studies ” may be used alone, to designate film studies and rhetorical or critical theory, or it may appear in combinations like “ media studies and communication ” to join two fields or emphasize a different focus.

When anthropologists David J. Daegling and Daniel O. Schmitt examined the film, they concluded it was impossible to conclusively determine if the subject in the film is nonhuman, and additionally argued that flaws in the studies by Krantz and others invalidated their claims.

Other studies of the use of proverbs in film include work by Kevin McKenna on the Russian film Aleksandr Nevsky, Haase's study of an adaptation of Little Red Riding Hood, and Elias Dominguez Barajas on the film Viva Zapata !.

The study of science fiction, or science fiction studies, is the critical assessment, interpretation, and discussion of science fiction literature, film, new media, fandom, and fan fiction.

After watching his father work on film sets, Leone began his own career in the film industry at the age of 18 after dropping out of law studies at the university.

The Soviet film industry was solving the sound-film issue without him and his films, techniques, and theories were becoming increasingly attacked as ' ideological failures ' and prime examples of formalism.

There is general agreement about Resnais's attachment to formalism in his approach to film ; he himself regards it as the starting point of his work, and usually has an idea of a form, or method of construction, in his head even before the plot or the characters take shape.

In a posthumous tribute written for the French film magazine Positif, critic Noël Herpe referred to Pialat's style as a " a naturalism that was born of formalism.

Strict formalism, condemned by realist film theorists such as André Bazin, has declined substantially in popular usage since the 1950s, though some more postmodern filmmakers reference it to suggest the artificiality of the film experience.

Alexander Nevsky () is a 1938 historical drama film directed by Sergei Eisenstein, in association with Dmitri Vasilyev and a script co-written with Pyotr Pavlenko, who were assigned to ensure Eisenstein did not stray into " formalism " and to facilitate shooting on a reasonable timetable.

However, as the chief of the Soviet industry, and his job description thus requiring him to enforce Stalinist thinking therein, he had no real choice but to crack down on filmmakers who were seen as practicing formalism, by then considered an ideological evil, and Eisenstein, with his predilection for montage theory and experimental film making — not to mention his five-year absence in the West — was viewed with great suspicion within the industry and the government.

A relative newcomer in outdoor signs is Mylar polyester film, now used as a printed overlay for trans-illuminated signs ( see below ).

The copy itself, including any text or illustrations, is reproduced in full color directly on a thin Mylar polyester film by a photo screen process.

For example, when the film is only four minutes old, Neitzbohr refers to a small, Victorian piano stool as `` Wilhelmina '', and we are thereupon subjected to a flashback that informs us that this very piano stool was once used by an epileptic governess whose name, of course, was Doris ( the English equivalent, when passed through middle-Gaelic derivations, of Wilhelmina ).

The effect, needless to say, is almost terrifying, and though at times a bit obscure, the film is certainly a much-needed catharsis for the `` repressed '' movie-goer.

Since the removal force is a function of coating thickness, a differential transformer pickup has been incorporated into the instrument to accurately measure film thickness.

If the force required to remove the coatings is plotted against film thickness, a graph as illustrated schematically in Fig. 5 may characteristically result.

Here, H is the coatings removal force measured parallel to the surface of the substrate and T is the film thickness.

If the cutting force, Af, is plotted against film thickness, a straight line should result passing through the origin and having slope Af.

This signifies that **yc, the rake angle, is no longer a constant to zero film thickness.

The resultant friction force, Af is thus directly proportional to Af and consequently also to film thickness.

The first two forces are directly interrelated and depend upon film thickness, whereas Af is independent of these two and is a constant for a given knife/coating combination.

Of the two, Porter is justly the better known, for he went far beyond the vital finding of fiction for films to take the first step toward fashioning a language of film, toward making the motion picture the intricate, efficient time machine that it has remained since, even in the most inept hands.

In a series of fairy tales and fantasies, Melies demonstrated that the film is superbly equipped to tell a straightforward story, with beginning, middle and end, complications, resolutions, climaxes, and conclusions.

In narrative, time is essential, as it is in film.

Almost everything about the movies that is peculiarly of the movies derives from a tension created and maintained between narrative time and film time.

The Great Train Robbery is a one-reel film.

The material of the Porter film is simplicity itself ; ;

The plane of the action in the scene is not parallel with the plane of the film in the camera or on the screen.

The physical film is cut with a knife at the end of one complete sequence, and the cut edge is joined physically, by cement, to the cut edge of the beginning of the next sequence.

The `` chase '' as a standard film device probably dates from The Great Train Robbery, and there is a reason for the continued popularity of the device.