Maurice Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception is influenced by Edmund Husserl's work on perception and temporality, including Husserl's theory of retention and protention.

From the time of writing Structure of Behavior and Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty wanted to show, in opposition to the idea that drove the tradition beginning with John Locke, that perception was not the causal product of atomic sensations.

In the Phenomenology of Perception Merleau-Ponty wrote: “ Insofar as I have hands, feet ; a body, I sustain around me intentions which are not dependent on my decisions and which affect my surroundings in a way that I do not choose ” ( 1962, p. 440 ).

This work deals mainly with language, beginning with the reflection on artistic expression in The Structure of Behavior-which contains a passage on El Greco ( p. 203ff ) that prefigures the remarks that he develops in " Cézanne's Doubt " ( 1945 ) and follows the discussion in Phenomenology of Perception.

This distinction appears in Phenomenology of Perception ( p 207, 2nd note

Maurice Merleau-Ponty made much use of holistic psychologists such as work of Kurt Goldstein in his " Phenomenology of Perception.

* Phenomenology of Perception

However, the philosophical writings of phenomenologists such as Heidegger, Edmund Husserl and Hans-Georg Gadamer were perhaps not as accessible to the student of architecture as Gaston Bachelard's The Poetics of Space ( 1951 ) or Maurice Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology of Perception ( English version 1962 ).

" ( Partridge ) The term is first found in the title of the work of the influential philosopher of German Idealism, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, entitled The Phenomenology of Spirit.

In the context of Phenomenology of religion however, the term was first used by Pierre Daniel Chantepie de la Saussaye in his work " Lehrbuch der Religiongeschichte " ( 1887 ).

His first book, on the Philosophy and Phenomenology of the Body, was completed in 1950.

In 1989, Kent Fine Art compiled and published the first monograph on Laffoley entitled The Phenomenology of Revelation.

In his chapter titled " Truth " published in the Encyclopedia of Phenomenology, Dieter Lohmar questions the memeticists ' reduction of the highly complex body of ideas ( such as religion, politics, war, justice, and science itself ) to a putatively one-dimensional series of memes.

Hegel ( 1770 – 1831 ) challenged Kant's doctrine of the unknowable thing-in-itself, and declared that by knowing phenomena more fully we can gradually arrive at a consciousness of the absolute and spiritual truth of Divinity, most notably in his Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, published in 1807.

In 1939 he came out with his own translation and his commentary would later form the basis of the book The Genesis and Structure of the Phenomenology of Spirit ( published in 1947 ).

Munich Phenomenology, refers to the group of philosophers, psychologists and phenomenologists that studied and worked in Munich at the beginning of the twentieth century, when Edmund Husserl published his masterwork, the Logical Investigations and began the phenomenological movement.

* Robert Magliola, Phenomenology and Literature ( Purdue University Press, 1977 ; 1978 ) systematically describes, in Part One, the influence of Husserl, Heidegger, and the French Existentialists on the Geneva School and other forms of what becomes known as " phenomenological literary criticism "; and in Part Two describes phenomenological literary theory in Roman Ingarden and Mikel Dufrenne.

Hegel developed in The Science of Logic and The Phenomenology of Spirit ; other intellectual influences upon Capital were the French socialists Charles Fourier, Comte de Saint-Simon, and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon ; and the Greek philosophers, especially Aristotle.

His phenomenology of Life was the subject of a pamphlet on Le tournant théologique de la phénoménologie française ( The Theological Turn in French Phenomenology ) by Dominique Janicaud, who sees in the immanence of life only the affirmation of a tautological interiority.

: Phenomenology and the Theological Turn: The French Debate ( Fordham University Press, 2001 )

Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit ( 1807 ), famous for its explicit ethnocentrism, considers Western civilization as the most accomplished of all, while Kant also allowed some traces of racialism to enter his work.

* On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time ( 1893-1917 ), 1990.

Under the influence of this doctrine, and of Phenomenology, the Hungarian-born German sociologist Karl Mannheim ( 1893 – 1947 ) gave impetus to the growth of the sociology of knowledge with his Ideologie und Utopie ( 1929, translated and extended in 1936 as Ideology and Utopia ), although the term had been introduced five years earlier by the co-founder of the movement, the German philosopher, phenomenologist and social theorist Max Scheler ( 1874 – 1928 ), in Versuche zu einer Soziologie des Wissens ( 1924, Attempts at a Sociology of Knowledge ).

* Edmund Husserl, The Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology ( 1954 ), Northwestern UP.

Phenomenology began at the start of the 20th century with the descriptive psychology of Franz Brentano ( 1838 – 1917 ), and then the transcendental phenomenology of Edmund Husserl ( 1859 – 1938 ).

Earlier in the history of philosophy, in The Phenomenology of Spirit ( 1807 ), G. F. W.

After Kant, Hegel developed a complex theodicy in the Phenomenology of Spirit ( 1807 ), which based its conception of history on dialectics: the negative ( wars, etc.

* “ Comments ”, in The Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology xxi ( 2000 ), 330-43 ( a special issue devoted to my work )

Instead, as in the case of, Studies in Ethnomethodology ( 1967 ), we are given oblique theoretical references to: Wittgenstein Language Philosophy ; Husserl Phenomenology ; Gurwitsch Theory ; the works of the social phenomeonologist Alfred Schutz of the Natural Attitude ; and an assortment of traditional social theorists generally appearing as antipodes and / or sounding boards for ethnomethodological ideas.

Focusing on topics in metaphysics, epistemology, physics, ethics, history, religion, perception, consciousness, and political philosophy, The Phenomenology is where Hegel develops his concepts of dialectic ( including the Master-slave dialectic ), absolute idealism, ethical life, and Aufhebung.

Hegel used two different sets of terms for his triads, namely, abstract-negative-concrete ( especially in his Phenomenology of 1807 ), as well as, immediate-mediate-concrete ( especially in his Science of Logic of 1812 ), depending on the scope of his argumentation.

* The lecture courses immediately following the publication of Being and Time, such as Die Grundprobleme der Phänomenologie ( The Basic Problems of Phenomenology, 1927 ), and Kant und das Problem der Metaphysik ( Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics, 1929 ), elaborated some elements of the destruction of metaphysics which Heidegger intended to pursue in the unwritten second part of Being and Time.

These givens, as noted by Irvin D. Yalom, are: the inevitability of death, freedom and its attendant responsibility, existential isolation ( referring to Phenomenology ), and finally meaninglessness.

* Robert Magliola, " Part II, Chapter 2: Roman Ingarden ," in Robert Magliola, Phenomenology and Literature: An Introduction ( Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press, 1977 ; 1978 ), pp. 107-141 review by W. Wolfgang Holdheim in Diacritics, Vol.

* David Seamon & Robert Mugerauer ( Eds ), Dwelling, Place & Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World ( Martinus Nijhoff 1985 / Krieger Publishing 2000 )

* Benoît Jacquet & Vincent Giraud ( Eds ), From the Things Themselves: Architecture and Phenomenology ( Kyoto: Kyoto University Press / EFEO, 2012 )

* Hopkins, Robert ( 2003 ), ' Pictures, Phenomenology and Cognitive Science ', The Monist, 86.

The criticisms of Fichte, and more particularly of Hegel ( in the Preface to the Phenomenology of Spirit ), pointed to a defect in the conception of the Absolute as mere featureless identity.

* Dermot Moran, Introduction to Phenomenology ( Oxford: Routledge, 2000 )-Charting phenomenology from Brentano, through Husserl and Heidegger, to Gadamer, Arendt, Levinas, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty and Derrida.

Phenomenology is a philosophical method developed in the early years of the twentieth century by Edmund Husserl and a circle of followers at the universities of Göttingen and Munich in Germany.

* Transcendental Phenomenology, a field of phenomenological inquiry developed by Edmund Husserl.