In the invasions of the War of the Sixth Coalition in 1814, anti-Napoleonic allied armies captured and re-captured Reims ; in 1870 – 1871, during the Franco-Prussian War, the victorious Germans made it the seat of a governor-general and impoverished it with heavy requisitions.

One of the most admired generals of the anti-Napoleonic coalition, he was rewarded for his courage in the battles at Pultusk and Eylau.

Bernadotte's condition for entering the anti-Napoleonic alliance was the gain of Norway, which the United Kingdom and Russia accepted in May 1813.

In article VI, the Danish king joined the anti-Napoleonic alliance, and obliged himself to maintain an army of 10, 000 men which was to be joined to the allied forces in Northern Germany and likewise be commanded by the Swedish crown prince.

The anti-Napoleonic Freikorps often operated behind French lines as a kind of commando or guerrilla force.

Throughout the 19th century, these anti-Napoleonic Freikorps were greatly praised and glorified by German nationalists, and a heroic myth built up around their exploits.

The large production, using the finest French artists, of propaganda paintings glorifying the exploits of Napoleon, were matched by works, showing both victories and losses, from the anti-Napoleonic alliance by artists such as Goya and J. M. W.

Napoleon ordered a raid to seize a subversive, anti-Napoleonic bookseller named Johann Philipp Palm, and made a final attempt to secure terms with Britain by offering her Hanover, which infuriated Prussia.

His Life and Times of Stein, a valuable narrative of the anti-Napoleonic revolt, led by Prussia mainly at Stein's instigation, was written under German influence, and shows little of the style of his short essays.

* the last Polish – Swedish War was the War of the Sixth Coalition, because the Duchy of Warsaw was a Napoleonic ally, whereas the Kingdom of Sweden was a member of the anti-Napoleonic coalition.

The first recorded use of incunabula as a printing term is in a Latin pamphlet by Bernhard von Mallinckrodt, De ortu et progressu artis typographicae (" Of the rise and progress of the typographic art ", Cologne, 1639 ), which includes the phrase prima typographicae incunabula, " the first infancy of printing ", a term to which he arbitrarily set an end, 1500, which still stands as a convention.

In 1586, the Flemish mathematician Simon Stevin published a small pamphlet called De Thiende (" the tenth ").

* James I, De Triplici Nodo, Triplex Cuneus, ( his anonymous pamphlet encouraging loyalty to the Crown, accompanied by letters from Paul V about the Catholic Church's opinion of the Oath of Allegiance, and James ' responses to them ).

The leader of this dispute, William of Saint-Amour, had published an anti-mendicant pamphlet, De periculis novissimorum temporum ( On the Dangers of the Last Days ) between the fall of 1255 and spring of 1256.

On 30 March 1814, he wrote a pamphlet against Napoleon, titled De Buonaparte et des Bourbons, of which thousands of copies were published.

Sebastian Castellio ( 1515 – 1563 ) was a French Protestant theologian who in 1554 published under a pseudonym the pamphlet Whether heretics should be persecuted ( De haereticis, an sint persequendi ) criticizing John Calvin's execution of Michael Servetus: " When Servetus fought with reasons and writings, he should have been repulsed by reasons and writings.

So he argued in his contribution to the mid-17th century Uniate pamphlet De Ecclesiae occidentalis atque orientalis perpetua consensione libri tres (" The Western and Eastern Churches in perpetual Agreement, in Three Books ") ( 1648 ).

Johannes first observed a sunspot on February 27, 1611 ; in Wittenberg that year he published the results of his observations in his 22 page pamphlet De Maculis in Sole observatis .....

That same year he published a pamphlet in French entitled De la Politique et du droit chrêtien au point de vue de la question italienne, with the object of inducing Napoleon III to continue his pro-Italian policy.

In 1802, he published a pamphlet titled De l ' immortalité de l ' âme (“ Immortality of Soul ”), in which he praised Catholicism, and in 1804 another pamphlet, Réflexions relatives au sénatus-consulte du 28 floréal an XII, an enthusiastic apology for the Empire.

Three months later, Castellio wrote ( as Basil Montfort ) a large part of the pamphlet Whether heretics should be persecuted ( De haereticis, an sint persequendi ) with the place of publication being given on the first page as Magdeburg rather than Basle.

A pamphlet called A List of a Few Cures performed by Mr and Mrs De Loutherbourg, of Hammersmith Terrace, without Medicine was published in 1789.

In his 1618 pamphlet, Pia et Utilissima Admonitio de Fratribus Rosae Crucis, Henrichus Neuhusius writes that the Rosicrucians left for the East due to the instability in Europe caused by the start of the Thirty Years ' War.

He published a pamphlet entitled Justice et charite, the purport of which showed the moderation of his political views.

In addition to the works named, the following were published during Hutcheson's lifetime: a pamphlet entitled Considerations on Patronage ( 1735 ); Philosophiae moralis institutio compendiaria, ethices et jurisprudentiae naturalis elementa continens, lib.

In 1783 his pamphlet, Essais historiques, critiques, littéraires, et philosophiques, resulted in his being imprisoned in the Bastille.

In 1561, Pierre Richier published a pamphlet against Villegagnon's actions in Brazil, entitled " Réfutation des folles resveries, excecrable blasphèmes, erreurs et mensonges de Nicolas Durand, qui se nomme Villagagnon ".

In 1870 he published a pamphlet directed against the Prussian treatment of France, La France et la Prusse devant l ' Europe, the sale of which was prohibited in Belgium at the request of King Wilhelm of Prussia.

His patriotic pamphlet on La Coalition et la France ( 1816 ) attracted the attention of Elie, Comte Decazes, who employed him to disseminate his views in the press, and he waged war against the Jean-Baptiste, Comte de Villèle ministry of 1822-1828.

* Echanges et Mouvement: The Refusal of Work ( pamphlet )

The pamphlet advocated the repeal of Prussia's sodomy laws ( Bullough et al.

* Réponse au pamphlet: « Anvers et M. Brialmont, avec plan de la position d ' Anvers », 1865.

One example is Maurice Joly's 1864 pamphlet entitled The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu ( Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu ), which attacks the political ambitions of Napoleon III.

The violent personal attacks in a pamphlet entitled Marie-Joseph Chénier et le prince des critiques ( 1844 ), in reply to Jules Janin, brought him a six-months sojourn in the Sainte-Pélagie prison, in the cell just vacated by Lamennais.

In this year he lost his seat in consequence of the popular prejudice aroused against him by his trenchant pamphlet Oui et non ( 1845 ) against attacks on religious liberty, and a second entitled Feul Feul ( 1845 ), written in reply to those who demanded a retractation of the former.

He appears to have been no more than neutral, but is credited with an attempt at reconciliation between the parties in a pamphlet printed in 1637, L ' Inconnu et veritable amy de messieurs de Scudéry et Corneille.

The Union Nationale des Étudiants de France declared itself in favor of the SI's theses, and managed to use public funds to publish Mustapha Khayati's pamphlet On the Poverty of Student Life.

In his pamphlet Der Weg zum Siege des Germanenthums über das Judenthum ( The Way to Victory of Germanicism over Judaism, 1879 ) he introduced the idea that Germans and Jews were locked in a longstanding conflict, the origins of which he attributed to race — and that the Jews were winning.

Meanwhile, pamphlet after pamphlet, and his stirring patriotic songs, such as " Was ist des Deutschen Vaterland?

He explained his political position in a pamphlet entitled Esprit des édüs enregistrés militairement le 20 mai 1788.

When he returned to Paris in 1838, he secured a solid position in the business world by establishing of a major beet-sugar industry at Clermont in the Auvergne and by writing a pamphlet Sur la question des sucres in 1838.

The case constructed against Brissot in this pamphlet was expanded and used to terrible and destructive effect in Desmoulins ' later, 1793 publication, Fragment de l ' histoire secrète de la Révolution ( also known as the Histoire des Brissotins ), in which the Girondist political faction, of which Brissot was a prominent member, was accused of traitorous and counter-revolutionary activities.

His most notable works were a smart pamphlet in answer to Charles Palissot's scurrilous play Les Philosophes ( which procured him a short stay in the Bastille for an alleged libel on Palissot's patroness, the princesse de Robecq ), and a reply to Ferdinando Galiani's Commerce des blés ( 1770 ).

He also wrote a history of Alfred the Great ( 1816 ); a life of St. Vincent de Paul ; translated passages from the works of St. Augustine, and also wrote meditations on the Holy Scriptures, which, however, together with the Büchlein der Liebe, and the polemical pamphlet Kurze Abfertigung des langen Schmähschrifts des Hofrats Voss, did not appear until after his death.

In 1921, he wrote the pamphlet Der Bankrott des russischen Staatskommunismus ( The Bankruptcy of Russian State Communism ) attacking the Soviet Union.

In exile, Rakovsky authored the pamphlet Les persécutions politiques en Roumanie (" Political Persecutions in Romania ") and two books ( La Roumanie des boyars – " Boyar Romania ", and the since-lost From the Kingdom of Arbitrariness and Cowardice ).

In a pamphlet, " Sur Moses Mendelssohn, sur la Réforme Politique des Juifs " ( London, 1787 ), Mirabeau refuted the arguments of the German anti-Semites like Michaelis, and claimed for the Jews the full rights of citizenship.

The first known appearance of the term homosexual in print is found in a 1869 German pamphlet 143 des Preussischen Strafgesetzbuchs und seine Aufrechterhaltung als 152 des Entwurfs eines Strafgesetzbuchs für den Norddeutschen Bund (" Paragraph 143 of the Prussian Penal Code and Its Maintenance as Paragraph 152 of the Draft of a Penal Code for the North German Confederation ").

In 1833, Hahn's pamphlet against K. G. Bretschneider ( Über die Lage des Christenthums in unserer Zeit, 1832 ) having attracted the notice of Frederick William III, he was called to Breslau as theological professor and consistorial councillor, and in 1843 became general superintendent of the ecclesiastical province of Silesia.

Hengstenberg ( Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, 1862 ), with August Wilhelm Dieckhoff and Franz Delitzsch ( Fur und wider Kahnis, 1863 ), was prominent among those who now accused Kahnis of apostasy, and Kahnis replied to Hengstenberg in a pamphlet, Zeugniss für die Grundwahrheiten des Protestantismus gegen Dr Hengstenberg ( 1862 ).

He defended the French monarchy with obstinacy and talent and helped edit the French pamphlet Les Actes des Apôtres.

Following a falling-out with the surrealist leader André Breton in 1929, Leiris contributed an essay to the anti-Breton pamphlet Un Cadavre, and joined Bataille ’ s team as a sub-editor for Documents, to which he also regularly contributed articles such as “ Notes on Two Microcosmic Figures of the 14th and 15th Centuries ” ( 1929, issue 1 ), “ In Connection with the ‘ Musée des Sorciers '" ( 1929, issue 2 ), " Civilisation " ( 1929, issue 4 ), “ The ‘ Caput Mortuum ’ or the Alchemist ’ s Wife ” ( 1930, issue 8 ), and on artists such as Giacometti, Miró, Picasso, and the 16th Century painter Antoine Caron.

He was wounded at the Battle of Arnay-le Duc in 1570, and retired to his estate at Bondaroy, where he wrote a political pamphlet entitled Histoire abrégée des singeries de la ligue.