The mother of Napoleon, his consort Maria Louise ( as Concord ), to model whom the author made a further journey to Paris in 1810, the princess Esterhazy and the muse Polymnia ( Elisa Bonaparte ) take their place in this class, as do the ideal heads, comprising Corinna, Sappho, Laura, Beatrice and Helen of Troy.

Further levels of editing have also been proposed, including: a late 8th century edition pointing to Hezekiah of Judah as the model for kingship ; an earlier 8th century version with a similar message but identifying Jehu of Israel as the ideal king ; and an even earlier version promoting the House of David as the key to national well-being.

For example, the same techniques used to model ideal gases can be applied to model the behavior of a hard sphere colloidal suspension.

The first theoretical description of metals was given by Paul Drude in 1900 with the Drude model, which explained electrical and thermal properties by describing a metal as an ideal gas of then-newly discovered electrons.

Despite condemning the ' Mahometans ' as infidels, he viewed the protagonist of the novel, Hayy, as a model for his ideal Christian philosopher and monotheistic scientist '.

Some users believe that a compromise term encompassing both aspects is ideal, to promote both the user's freedom with the software and also to promote the perceived superiority of an open source development model.

Achromatopsia, or complete color blindness, is presented as an ideal model to develop gene therapy directed to cone photoreceptors.

This model is ideal for understanding income distribution but awkward for discussing the pattern of trade.

The statement makes it clear that homosexual activity is still prohibited, saying inter alia that " Halakhah sees heterosexual marriage as the ideal model and sole legitimate outlet for human sexual expression "; " Halakhic Judaism views all male and female same-sex sexual interactions as prohibited "; and " halakhic values proscribe individuals and communities from encouraging practices that grant religious legitimacy to gay marriage and couplehood ".

The ideal courtier — the chivalrous knight — of Baldassarre Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier became a model of the ideal virtues of nobility.

Louis IX is often considered the model of the ideal Christian monarch.

For this reason, muonium is an ideal system for studying bound-state QED and also for searching for physics beyond the standard model.

In contrast with Plato and Aristotle, Machiavelli insisted that an imaginary ideal society is not a model that a prince should orient himself by.

The momentum theory or disk actuator theory — a theory describing a mathematical model of an ideal propeller — was developed by W. J. M.

Sea urchins such as Arbacia punctulata — are ideal organisms to use in sperm research, they spawn large numbers of sperm into the sea, making them well-suited as model organisms for experiments.

Solute volume contribution is considered through ideal solution model.

The ideal model not only neglects basic physics factors in terms of primary current required to establish a magnetic field in the core and the contribution to the field due to current in the secondary circuit but also assumes a core of negligible reluctance with two windings of zero resistance.

The ideal transformer model assumes that all flux generated by the primary winding links all the turns of every winding, including itself.

The physical limitations of the practical transformer may be brought together as an equivalent circuit model ( shown below ) built around an ideal lossless transformer.

The growth of this model is believed to have contributed to the enactment of the first modern adoption law in 1851 by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, unique in that it codified the ideal of the " best interests of the child.

During his administration ( 1870 – 1882 ), the College achieved higher academic standing and established an ideal model for intellectual honesty and sound scholarship that gained national recognition.

The small nation provided an ideal model for showing the value of the railways for speeding the Industrial Revolution.

He was soon seen as the ideal model by those disliking the excesses of Mannerism: the opinion ... was generally held in the middle of the sixteenth century that Raphael was the ideal balanced painter, universal in his talent, satisfying all the absolute standards, and obeying all the rules which were supposed to govern the arts, whereas Michelangelo was the eccentric genius, more brilliant than any other artists in his particular field, the drawing of the male nude, but unbalanced and lacking in certain qualities, such as grace and restraint, essential to the great artist.

In other words, if an ideal gas is compressed and kept at constant temperature, the work done in compressing it is completely converted into heat and transferred to the surrounding heat sink.

Under ideal ( adiabatic ) conditions, the exponent would be 1. 4, but a lower value, generally between 1. 2 and 1. 3 is used, since the amount of heat lost will vary among engines based on design, size and materials used, but provides useful results for purposes of comparison.

Since very few actual implementations of heat engines exactly match their underlying thermodynamic cycles, one could say that a thermodynamic cycle is an ideal case of a mechanical engine.

This efficiency is usually derived using an ideal imaginary heat engine such as the Carnot heat engine, although other engines using different cycles can also attain maximum efficiency.

The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process.

For gases at room temperature, the range of volumetric heat capacities per atom ( not per molecule ) only varies between different gases by a small factor less than two, due to the fact that in every ideal gas has the same molar volume.

Thus, in the limit of ideal gas behavior ( which many gases approximate except at low temperatures and / or extremes of pressure ) this property reduces differences in gas volumetric heat capacity to simple differences in the heat capacities of individual molecules.

Monatomic gas heat capacities per atom ( not per molecule ) are decreased by a factor of 2 with regard to solids, due to loss of half of the potential degrees of freedom per atom for storing energy in a monatomic gas, as compared with regard to an ideal solid.

Braising relies on heat, time, and moisture to break down the tough connective tissue collagen in meat, making it an ideal way to cook tougher cuts.

* Clear skies or lightly cloudy conditions: The surface needs to absorb significant amounts of solar energy to heat the air near the surface and create ideal dust devil conditions.

In an ideal system this occurs at constant pressure ( isobaric heat addition ).

The heat capacity at constant volume of nR = 1 J · K < sup >− 1 </ sup > of any gas, including an ideal gas is:

The heat capacity at constant pressure of 1 J · K < sup >− 1 </ sup > ideal gas is:

That is, one joule of electrical energy will cause a resistance heater to produce only one joule of useful heat, while under ideal conditions, one joule of electrical energy can cause a heat pump to move much more than one joule of heat from a cooler place to a warmer place.

Note that it is possible to convert heat completely into work, such as the isothermal expansion of ideal gas.

The ideal heat for most forging is the bright yellow-orange color appropriately known as a " forging heat ".

For a given ideal gas with constant heat capacity and composition, sound speed is dependent solely upon temperature ; see Details below.

The value of 331. 3 m / s, which represents the 0 ° C speed, is based on theoretical ( and some measured ) values of the heat capacity ratio,, as well as on the fact that at 1 atm real air is very well described by the ideal gas approximation.