Shortly after, in 1869, Irish chemist Thomas Andrews studied the phase transition from a liquid to a gas and coined the term critical point to describe the instant at which a gas and a liquid were indistinguishable as phases, and Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals supplied the theoretical framework which allowed the prediction of critical behavior based on measurements at much higher temperatures.

Thus literary criticism became highly theoretical and some of those practicing it began referring to the theoretical dimension of their work as " critical theory "-a philosophically inspired theory of literary criticism.

One of the most important and sophisticated books in the field is the Grundlegung der Psychologie ( Foundations of Psychology ) by Klaus Holzkamp, who might be considered the theoretical founder of critical psychology.

As David Kaiser writes, " since the middle of the 20th century, theoretical physicists have increasingly turned to this tool to help them undertake critical calculations ," and as such " Feynman diagrams have revolutionized nearly every aspect of theoretical physics ".

His theoretical and critical writings are remarkable for their often witty and ironic style and their unerring polemics.

His reputation chiefly rests, however, on his theoretical and critical writings on musical subjects.

Their critical theoretical work peaked on the highly influential book The Society of the Spectacle by Guy Debord.

Henri Lefebvre in Metaphilosophie ( 1965 ) argued, from a marxian standpoint, in favor of an " ontological break ", as a necessary methodological approach for critical social theory ( whilst criticizing Louis Althusser's " epistemological break " with subjective marxism, which represented a fundamental theoretical tool for the school of marxist structuralism ).

The shift in the intellectual priorities within the SI resulted in more focus on the theoretical, such as the theory of the spectacle and Marxist critical analysis, spending much less time on the more artistic and tangible concepts like unitary urbanism, détournement, and situgraphy.

Even in their own time, with limited translations of their dense theoretical texts, combined with their very successful self-mythologisation, the term " situationist " was often used to refer to any rebel or outsider, rather than to a body of surrealist-inspired Marxist critical theory.

This line of thinking opened up fruitful work exploring agency, a theoretical outlook which reinserted the active, critical capacities of all people.

As well as works of art, Smithson produced a good deal of theoretical and critical writing, including the 2D paper work A Heap of Language, which sought to show how writing might become an artwork.

The " Majorana Medal " or Majorana Prize is an annual prize for researchers who have shown peculiar creativity, critical sense, and mathematical rigour in theoretical physics — in its broadest sense.

The magazine, and the theoretical and critical works he published between 1926 and 1929, mark his deliberate separation from the avant-garde and his previous associates.

The book also includes a wide range of theoretical perspectives — Marxian, Weberian, critical theory, postmodern theory — as well as a number of concepts such as hyperconsumption, implosion, simulation, and time and space to show the audience how sociological theory can be applied to everyday phenomena. Find Enchanting a Disenchanted World on Publisher's Website

Within the area studied, graduates are posited to possess advanced knowledge of a specialized body of theoretical and applied topics ; high order skills in analysis, critical evaluation or professional application ; and the ability to solve complex problems and think rigorously and independently.

" These critical theoretical weaknesses in twin research, which were recognizable in principle even considering the state of knowledge at the time, raise the question as to why Fischer and Verschuer oriented the new institute to assymmetrically toward this methodology.

Modern scholars like Edward Said and others have given critical attention to the theoretical foundations of " orientalism " in works like Chrestomathie arabe.

Other theoretical work contends that, " A sharp interface between quark matter and the vacuum would have very different properties from the surface of a neutron star "; and, addressing key parameters like surface tension and electrical forces that were neglected in the original study, the results show that as long as the surface tension is below a low critical value, the large strangelets are indeed unstable to fragmentation and strange stars naturally come with complex strangelet crusts, analogous to those of neutron stars.

The intellectual influences on and theoretical focus of the first generation of Frankfurt School critical theorists can be summarized as follows:

The determined critical thickness is in close agreement with theoretical prediction.

He was one of the founding figures of the philosophical movement known as German idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical writings of Immanuel Kant.

His plays and theoretical writings substantially influenced the development of German literature.

His theoretical writings Laocoon and Hamburg Dramaturgy ( Hamburgische Dramaturgie ) set the standards for the discussion of aesthetic and literary theoretical principles.

He also worked this position into his dramatic work ( in Nathan der Weise ) when he was forbidden to publish further theoretical writings.

His theoretical and other writings comprise ten large volumes.

A book of his theoretical works with an anthology of reminiscences and writings has been published.

His 10-volume collected works contain most of his larger historical and theoretical writings, though not his shorter articles and papers or his extensive correspondence with important political, military, intellectual and cultural leaders in the Prussian state.

For example, Hassan is a known scholar whose theoretical writings expressly address postmodernity in society.

Bahro and his supporters were attacked by the East German state security organization Stasi, headed by Erich Mielke, for his writings, which had laid the theoretical foundation of a leftist opposition to the ruling SED party and its dependent allies, and which promoted new and changed parties.

This is supported in the book by the evidence of Latin medieval theoretical writings which overwhelmingly advocate singing note lengths according to long and short notes bearing durations defined by simple ratios.

In 1957, he published Gregorian Rhythm in the Gregorian Centuries ; the Literary Evidence which presented excerpts from the medieval theoretical writings in English and Latin.

Their buildings, planning, theoretical writings and teaching have contributed to the expansion of discourse.

He generally avoided theoretical discussion in his writings, believing that a true understanding of terrestrial magnetism would only be arrived at after exhaustive observations had been made on a global scale.

*( fr ) musicologie. org Biography, List of Works, bibliography, discography, theoretical writings, in French

Other theoretical writings explore the relationship of a piece of art to its environment, from which he developed his concept of sites and non-sites.

Among the numerous theoretical writings he authored, the book Formalized Music: Thought and Mathematics in Composition ( 1971 ) is regarded as one of his most important.

Barthes continued to contribute with Philippe Sollers to the avant-garde literary magazine Tel Quel, which was developing similar kinds of theoretical inquiry to that pursued in Barthes ' writings.

According to Lawrence S. Stepelevich, Edgar Bauer was the most anarchistic of the Young Hegelians, and "... it is possible to discern, in the early writings of Edgar Bauer, the theoretical justification of political terrorism.

It is a less theoretical work than the writings of Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf and other comparable thinkers, and as much a work of advocacy as of theory.

In 1986, Burgin was nominated for the Turner Prize for his exhibitions at the Institute of Contemporary Arts and Kettle's Yard Gallery in Cambridge and for a collection of his theoretical writings ( The End of Art Theory ) and a monograph of his visual work ( Between ).

For her next major work in 1936, her ' classic monograph on ego psychology and defense mechanisms, Anna Freud drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on her father's writings as the principal and authoritative source of her theoretical insights '.