In the electromagnetic cgs system, electric current is a fundamental quantity defined via Ampère's law and takes the permeability as a dimensionless quantity ( relative permeability ) whose value in a vacuum is unity.

A more analogous case is that of the screwball comedy, widely accepted by film historians as constituting a " genre ": the screwball is defined not by a fundamental attribute, but by a general disposition and a group of elements, some — but rarely and perhaps never all — of which are found in each of the genre's films.

In mathematics, more specifically algebraic topology, the fundamental group ( defined by Henri Poincaré in his article Analysis Situs, published in 1895 ) is a group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way of determining when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other.

The fundamental frequency, often referred to simply as the fundamental, is defined as the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform.

The term " fundamentalism " has its roots in the Niagara Bible Conference ( 1878 – 1897 ), which defined those tenets it considered fundamental to Christian belief.

Through the fundamental theorem of calculus, which they independently developed, integration is connected with differentiation: if f is a continuous real-valued function defined on a closed interval, then, once an antiderivative F of f is known, the definite integral of f over that interval is given by

In most systems of measurement, the unit of length is a fundamental unit, from which other units are defined.

Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world, although the term is not easily defined.

Xeer is defined by a few fundamental tenets that are immutable and which closely approximate the principle of jus cogens in international law: These precepts include: a ) payment of blood money ( locally referred to as diya ) for libel, theft, physical harm, rape and death, as well as supplying assistance to relatives ; b ) assuring good inter-clan relations by treating women justly, negotiating with " peace emissaries " in good faith, and sparing the lives of socially protected groups " Birr Magaydo ," ( e. g. children, women, the pious, poets, messengers, sheikhs, and guests ); c ) family obligations such as the payment of dowry, and sanctions for eloping ; d ) rules pertaining to the management of resources such as the use of pasture land, water, and other natural resources ; e ) providing financial support to married female relatives and newlyweds ; f ) donating livestock and other assets to the poor.

For instance of the 23 s-expression-based syntactic constructs defined in the R5RS Scheme standard, 11 are classed as derived or library forms, which can be written as macros involving more fundamental forms, principally lambda.

Critic Christopher Sharrett argues that since Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho ( 1960 ) and The Birds ( 1963 ), the American horror film has been defined by the questions it poses " about the fundamental validity of the American civilizing process ", concerns amplified during the 1970s by the " delegitimation of authority in the wake of Vietnam and Watergate ".

The total harmonic distortion, or THD, of a signal is a measurement of the harmonic distortion present and is defined as the ratio of the sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamental frequency.

Thus, the fundamental frequency of most speech falls below the bottom of the " voice frequency " band as defined above.

A more fundamental restriction is that universal algebra cannot study the class of fields, because there is no type in which all field laws can be written as equations ( inverses of elements are defined for all non-zero elements in a field, so inversion cannot simply be added to the type ).

The fundamental theorem on homomorphisms ( or first isomorphism theorem ) is a theorem, again taking various forms, that applies to the quotient algebra defined by the kernel.

It may be implemented in spherical or rectangular coordinates, both defined by an origin at the center of the Earth, a fundamental plane consisting of the projection of the Earth's equator onto the celestial sphere ( forming the celestial equator ), a primary direction towards the vernal equinox, and a right-handed convention.

From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and the fundamental theorem of the curl the magnetic flux may also be defined as:

Although m · s < sup >− 1 </ sup > is an SI derived unit, it could be viewed as more fundamental than the metre, since the metre is now derived from the speed of light in a vacuum, which is defined as exactly 299 792 458 m · s < sup >− 1 </ sup > by the BIPM.

Just as a periodic function of a real variable is defined by its values on an interval, an elliptic function is determined by its values on a fundamental parallelogram, which then repeat in a lattice.

The fundamental argument of the environmental determinists was that aspects of physical geography, particularly climate, influenced the psychological mind-set of individuals, which in turn defined the behaviour and culture of the society that those individuals formed.

Time is considered to be a fundamental quantity ( that is, a quantity which cannot be defined in terms of other quantities ), because at present we don't know anything more basic than time.

Space is one of the few fundamental quantities in physics, meaning that it cannot be defined via other quantities because there is nothing more fundamental known at present.

The international unit ( u. ), adopted to make possible the comparison of results from different laboratories ( Mussett and Perry, 1955 ), has been defined as the amount of activity present in 13.5 mg of the International Standard Preparation.

The international unit is equipotent with the USP unit adopted in 1952, which was defined as the amount of activity present in 20 mg of the USP reference substance.

Where boundary maintenance describes the boundaries or limits of the group, systemic linkage is defined `` as the process whereby one or more of the elements of at least two social systems is articulated in such a manner that the two systems in some ways and on some occasions may be viewed as a single unit.

The ampere was originally defined as one tenth of the CGS system electromagnetic unit of current ( now known as the abampere ), the amount of current that generates a force of two dynes per centimetre of length between two wires one centimetre apart.

Cinematographic aspect ratios are usually denoted as a ( rounded ) decimal multiple of width vs unit height, while photographic and videographic aspect ratios are usually defined and denoted by whole number ratios of width to height.

In mathematics, the unit square is defined to have area one, and the area of any other shape or surface is a dimensionless real number.

The meter is defined to be a unit of proper length, but the SI definition does not specify the metric tensor to be used in determining it.

One unit of alcohol is defined as 10 millilitres in the United Kingdom, and as 10 grams ( 12. 7 ml ) in Australia.

In this case, the absolute magnitude is defined as the apparent magnitude that the object would have if it were one astronomical unit ( AU ) from both the Sun and the observer.

A model of computation may be defined in terms of an abstract computer, e. g., Turing machine, and / or by postulating that certain operations are executed in unit time.

* Bar ( unit ), a unit of pressure defined as 100 kilopascals

In data transmission systems a byte is defined as a contiguous sequence of binary bits in a serial data stream, such as in modem or satellite communications, which is the smallest meaningful unit of data.

The unit MBtu was defined as one thousand Btu, presumably from the Roman numeral system where " M " stands for one thousand ( 1, 000 ).

In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics.

Although the candela is now defined in terms of the second ( an SI base unit ) and the watt ( a derived SI unit ), the candela remains a base unit of the SI system, by definition.

For instance, it defined chemical engineering to be a " science of itself, the basis of which is ... unit operations " in a 1922 report ; and with which principle, it had published a list of academic institutions which offered " satisfactory " chemical engineering courses.

If is any unit vector, the projection of the curl of F onto is defined to be the limiting value of a closed line integral in a plane orthogonal to as the path used in the integral becomes infinitesimally close to the point, divided by the area enclosed.

It was first defined by Nicolas Clément in 1824 as a unit of heat, entering French and English dictionaries between 1841 and 1867.

: ( pressure defined as force per unit area )

: ( dynamic viscosity defined as shear stress per unit velocity gradient ).

The modern Cartesian coordinate system in two dimensions ( also called a rectangular coordinate system ) is defined by an ordered pair of perpendicular lines ( axes ), a single unit of length for both axes, and an orientation for each axis.