In the common law, an answer is the first pleading by a defendant, usually filed and served upon the plaintiff within a certain strict time limit after a civil complaint or criminal information or indictment has been served upon the defendant.

Conversely, sociology of law may help comparative law answer questions, such as: How do regulations in different legal systems really function in the respective societies?

A previous law ( the Habeas Corpus Act 1640 ) had been passed forty years earlier to overturn a ruling that the command of the King was a sufficient answer to a petition of habeas corpus.

In many common law jurisdictions ( e. g. the Republic of Ireland, Canada, Hong Kong, India, Australia, New Zealand ), an indictable offence is an offence which can only be tried on an indictment after a preliminary hearing to determine whether there is a prima facie case to answer or by a grand jury ( in contrast to a summary offence ).

The House of Lords asked the judges of the common law courts to answer five questions on insanity as a criminal defence, and the formulation that emerged from their review — that a defendant should not be held responsible for his actions only if, as a result of his mental disease or defect, he ( i ) did not know that his act would be wrong ; or ( ii ) did not understand the nature and quality of his actions — became the basis of the law governing legal responsibility in cases of insanity in England.

Austin's utilitarian answer to " what is law?

In common law systems that rely on testimony by witnesses, a leading question or suggestive interrogation is a question that suggests the particular answer or contains the information the examiner is looking to have confirmed.

Their answer was that a " natural law " instilled in all beings a common sense.

" According to one of his biographers, al-Wahrani, Saladin was able to answer questions on Euclid, the Almagest, arithmetic, and law, but this was an academic ideal and it was study of the Qur ' an and the " sciences of religion " that linked him to his contemporaries.

The answer has been to entrust most of the executive powers, including law enforcement and provision of services, to a highly trained and experienced professional city manager.

By ancient law, no nobleman could command more than twenty-five men ( to prevent the possibility of sedition by private armies ), and while the position of Captain General was introduced in the mid-14th century, he still had to answer to a civilian panel of twenty Savi or " wise men ".

" The phrase due process of law first appeared in a statutory rendition of Magna Carta in A. D. 1354 during the reign of Edward III of England, as follows: " No man of what state or condition he be, shall be put out of his lands or tenements nor taken, nor disinherited, nor put to death, without he be brought to answer by due process of law.

The primary goal of the Socratic method in the law school setting is not to answer usually unanswerable questions, but to explore the contours of often difficult legal issues and to teach students the critical thinking skills they will need as lawyers.

Sara is a manhigah halakhtit, a halakhic leader with the authority to answer questions of Jewish law asked by her congregants and others.

On June 6, 445, he issued a decree which recognized the primacy of the bishop of Rome based on the merits of Peter, the dignity of the city, and the Nicene Creed ( in their interpolated form ); ordained that any opposition to his rulings, which were to have the force of ecclesiastical law, should be treated as treason ; and provided for the forcible extradition by provincial governors of anyone who refused to answer a summons to Rome.

The answer is that the result will be sometimes a and sometimes b, according to a probability law depending on the relative weights of A and B in the superposition process.

The office was staffed by one part-time employee and served to take offense reports, answer routine inquiries, and coordinate local law enforcement presence in the village.

Coke asserted that judge-made law had the answer to any question asked of it, and as a result, " a learned judge ... was the natural arbiter of politics ".

Accordingly, the Court had to answer whether the law regulated " commerce " that was " among the several states.

A Rebbe is sometimes distinct from a ' Rav ' or ' Rov ' who is an authoritative Halachic decider and leader of a Jewish, often Chassidic, community ) in that a significant function of a Rav is to answer questions of Halacha ( Jewish law ).

When used in the legal sense in the procedure connected with criminal offences, an arrest consists in the taking into custody of another person under authority empowered by law, to be held or detained to answer a criminal charge or to prevent the commission of a criminal or further offence.

To Tilghman the incident was just one of a long list of hair-raising, smash-'em-down adventures on the side of the law which started in 1872 when he was only eighteen years old, and did not end till fifty years later when he was shot dead after warning a drunk to be quiet.

It became the sole `` subject '' of `` international law '' ( a term which, it is pertinent to remember, was coined by Bentham ), a body of legal principle which by and large was made up of what Western nations could do in the world arena.

( That corpus of law was a reflection of the power system in existence during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Prohibition was the law of the land, but it was unpopular ( how many of us oldsters took up drinking in prohibition days, drinking was so gay, so fashionable, especially in the sophisticated Northeast!!

That is to say Gabriel's fundamental law had been so much modified by this time that it was neither fundamental nor law any more.

It is a weakness of Gabriel's analysis that he never seems to realize that his so-called fundamental law had already been cut loose from its foundations when it was adapted to democracy.

But because the governor was determined that friendship should not influence him one way or the other, he looked for a printer with a knowledge of the law ( which Woodruff did not have ), and awarded the contract to a lawyer named John Steele who had started a newspaper in Helena the year before.

He advised the poor woman not to appear in court as what she was charged with was not in violation of law.

His father was a professor at Hartford Theological Seminary, and from him he acquired a conviction, which he passed along to me, that there is in the universe of persons a moral law, the law of love, which is a natural law in the same sense as is the physical law.

In the final analysis his contribution to American historiography was founded on almost intuitive insights into religion, economics, and Darwinism, the three factors which conditioned his search for a law of history.

It was, the brief writers decided, `` man's best hope for a peaceful and law abiding world ''.

Meanwhile, in Moscow, Khrushchev was adding his bit to the march of world law by promising to build a bomb with a wallop equal to 100 million tons of TNT, to knock sense into the heads of those backward oafs who can't see the justice of surrendering West Berlin to communism.

It was my desire to advise the membership of the Legion that the majority of polling places are on private property and, without an amendment to the law, we could not enforce this.

In the earlier sessions there was plentiful discussion on the natural law, which Dr. William V. O'Brien of Georgetown University, advanced as the basis for widely acceptable ethical judgments on foreign policy.

The impression was unmistakable that, whatever one may choose to call it, natural law is a functioning generality with a certain objective existence.

Even with respect to slavery the new citizen law of 450 BC may have had effect: it is speculated that originally Athenian fathers had been able to register for citizenship offspring had with slave women ( Hansen 1987: 53 ).

The powers to review administrative decisions are usually established by statute, but were originally developed from the royal prerogative writs of English law, such as the writ of mandamus and the writ of certiorari.

Moreover, although Reverend Peters claimed that the term blue law was originally used by Puritan colonists, his work has since been found to be unreliable.

The Pravda Yaroslava, originally combined by Yaroslav the Wise the Grand Prince of Kiev, was granted to Great Novgorod around 1017, and in 1054 was incorporated into the Russkaya Pravda, that became the law for all of Kievan Rus.

The term " common law " originally derives from the 1150s and 1160s, when Henry II of England established the secular English tribunals.

Quebec was settled as a French colony, and originally operated under the French civil law system, using the coûtume de Paris.

The territory now forming Ontario was originally part of Quebec, and thus was under the civil law.

In all three traditions, a canon was originally a rule adopted by a council ; these canons formed the foundation of canon law.

The law of business organizations originally derived from the common law of England, but has evolved significantly in the 20th century.

All four were original colonies ( Kentucky was originally a part of the land grant of the Colony of Virginia ) and share a strong influence of colonial common law in some of their laws and institutions.

Their power was originally neither arbitrary nor unaccountable, being subject to law and requiring retrospective justification.

The term originates from English common law where felonies were originally crimes which involved the confiscation of a convicted person's land and goods ; other crimes were called misdemeanors.

This parallel set of material was originally transmitted orally, and came to be known as " the oral law ".

Rabbinic tradition holds that the details and interpretation of the law, which are called the Oral Torah or oral law, were originally an unwritten tradition based upon what God told Moses on Mount Sinai.

* 1969 – Governor of Texas Preston Smith signs a bill into law converting the former Southwest Center for Advanced Studies, originally founded as a research arm of Texas Instruments, into the University of Texas at Dallas.

Calvin was originally interested in the priesthood, but he changed course to study law in Orléans and Bourges.

The law, originally conceived by French Finance Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert prior to his death in 1683, was finalized by his son the Marquis de Seignelay and presented to the King for his signature in 1685.

Although originally expressed in Newton's third law, the conservation of linear momentum also holds in special relativity ( with a modified formula ) and, with appropriate definitions, a ( generalized ) linear momentum conservation law holds in electrodynamics, quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, and general relativity.

The charter first passed into law in 1225 ; the 1297 version, with the long title ( originally in Latin ) " The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, and of the Liberties of the Forest ," still remains on the statute books of England and Wales.

The common law courts originally took a very limited view of their own jurisdiction.

Although modern formulations differ by jurisdiction, the common law originally stated that the accident must satisfy the following conditions: