Kroeber and Sapir's focus on Native American languages helped establish linguistics as a truly general science and free it from its historical focus on Indo-European languages.

Astronomy, history, linguistics, and the natural sciences are among the myriad fields that have benefited from the activities of amateurs.

In linguistics, ablative case ( abbreviated ) is a cases ( noun inflections ) in various languages whose common characteristic is that inter alia they mark motion away from something, though the details in each language may differ.

Until his return from Mexico in 1930 Whorf had been entirely an autodidact in linguistic theory and field methodology, yet he had already made a name for himself in Middle American linguistics.

The area of research draws from statistics and computational linguistics.

Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective.

Computational linguistics originated with efforts in the United States in the 1950s to use computers to automatically translate texts from foreign languages, particularly Russian scientific journals, into English.

Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary field with contributors from various fields, including psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, philosophy of mind, computer science, anthropology, sociology, and biology.

In linguistics, some authors use the term phrase structure grammar to refer to context-free grammars, whereby phrase structure grammars are distinct from dependency grammars.

In cognitive linguistics, abstract concepts are transformations of concrete concepts derived from embodied experience.

In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, as opposed to the method of internal reconstruction, which analyzes the internal development of a single language over time.

In the 1929 edition of Encyclopedia Britannica he published what was then the most authoritative classification of Native American languages, and the first based on evidence from modern comparative linguistics.

Among his substantial publications from this period were his book on " Time Perspective in the Aboriginal American Culture " ( 1916 ), in which he laid out an approach to using historical linguistics to study the prehistory of Native American cultures.

In the 1960s and 1970s, film theory took up residence in academia importing concepts from established disciplines like psychoanalysis, gender studies, anthropology, literary theory, semiotics and linguistics.

In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection ( regular alteration according to rules of grammar ).

In linguistics, the grammatical aspect of a verb is a grammatical category that defines the temporal flow ( or lack thereof ) in a given action, event, or state, from the point of view of the speaker.

In historical linguistics, language families are often considered to be descended from proto-languages.

The classical phase of Indo-European comparative linguistics leads from Franz Bopp's Comparative Grammar ( 1833 ) to August Schleicher's 1861 Compendium and up to Karl Brugmann's Grundriss, published in the 1880s.

Apart from his parents ' native languages Russian and Yiddish and his adopted language Polish, his linguistics attempts were also aided by his mastering of German, a good passive understanding of Latin, Hebrew and French, and a basic knowledge of Greek, English and Italian.

The term ' family ' comes from the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree or in a subsequent modification to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy.

In the same lists, MIT's strongest showings apart from in engineering are in computer science, the natural sciences, business, economics, linguistics, mathematics, and, to a lesser extent, political science and philosophy.

( Within linguistics, " prosody " is used in a more general sense that includes not only poetical metre but also the rhythmic aspects of prose, whether formal or informal, which vary from language to language, and sometimes between poetic traditions.

The attempts to create a Masurian Polish national consciousness, largely originating from nationalist circles of Greater Poland, however faced the resistance of the Masurians, who, despite having similar folk traditions and linguistics to Poles, regarded themselves Prussians and later Germans.

Halliday follows Hjelmslev and Firth in distinguishing theoretical from descriptive categories in linguistics.

The theoretical architecture derives from work on the description of natural discourse, and as such ‘ no very clear line is drawn between ‘( theoretical ) linguistics ’ and ‘ applied linguistics ’.

Sapir insisted that the discipline of linguistics was of integral importance for ethnographic description, arguing that just as nobody would dream of discussing the history of the Catholic Church without knowing Latin or study German folksongs without knowing German, so it made little sense to approach the study of Indigenous folklore without knowledge of the indigenous languages.

After his A-levels he studied German and philosophy at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and the University of Tübingen, with a master's thesis in the field of linguistics.

The term was introduced into European linguistics by Jacob Grimm in the early 19th century, so the spelling sch is German in origin.

2009 ), widely used in German speaking countries for prosodically oriented conversation analysis and interactional linguistics

In German linguistics, only the traditional regional varieties of German are called dialects, not the different varieties of standard German.

In historical linguistics, the Å-sound originally had the same origin as the long sound in German Aal and Haar ( Scandinavian ål, hår, English eel, hair ).

Especially in German, however, this kind of emphasis may also be used within modern type, e. g. where italics already serve another semantic purpose ( as in linguistics ) and where no further means of emphasis ( e. g. small caps ) are easily available or feasible.

Germanisation ( also spelled Germanization ) is both the spread of the German language, people and culture either by force or assimilation, and the adaptation of a foreign word to the German language in linguistics.

In linguistics, Germanisation usually means the change in spelling of loanwords to the rules of the German language — for example the change from the imported word bureau to Büro.

* Karl Hermann Berendt, a German physician, emigrated to the United States and spent his time there and in Mesoamerica investigating Mayan linguistics

* Ur -, a German prefix meaning " original or primitive " in linguistics, see:

In German linguistics, the Benrath line ( German: Benrather Linie ) is the maken-machen isogloss: dialects north of the line have the original in maken ( to make ), while those to the south have ( machen ).

The term folk etymology, a loan translation from the 19th Century academic German Volksetymologie, is a technical one in philology and historical linguistics, referring to the change of form in the word itself, not to any actual explicit popular analysis.

The technical term " folk etymology ", a translation of the German Volksetymologie from Ernst Förstemann's essay Ueber Deutsche Volksetymologie in the 1852 work Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete des Deutschen, Griechischen und Lateinischen ( Journal of Comparative Linguistic Research in the Areas of German, Greek and Latin ), is used in the science of historical linguistics to refer to a change in the form of a word caused by erroneous popular beliefs about its derivation.

From 1973 to 1978 academic courses were started in philosophy, history, German and English language and literature, French, the Slavic languages, mathematics, geography and linguistics.

He later studied linguistics of the Czech and German languages at Prague University.

August Friedrich Pott ( November 14, 1802, Nettelrede, Hanover – July 5, 1887, Halle ) was a German pioneer in linguistics.