This kind of reasoning and logic takes a little time to get used to.

Their old errors of judgment were equated, in the curious logic of the time, with present treasonous intent.

Philosophers ( and other users of logic ) spend a lot of time and effort searching for and removing ( or intentionally adding ) ambiguity in arguments, because it can lead to incorrect conclusions and can be used to deliberately conceal bad arguments.

The Dāneš-nāma covers such topics as logic, metaphysics, music theory and other sciences of his time.

Jarry once wrote, expressing some of the bizarre logic of ' pataphysics, " If you let a coin fall and it falls, the next time it is just by an infinite coincidence that it will fall again the same way ; hundreds of other coins on other hands will follow this pattern in an infinitely unimaginable fashion ".

" But if conspiracies exist, they rarely move history ; they make a difference at the margins from time to time, but with the unforeseen consequences of a logic outside the control of their authors: and this is what is wrong with ' conspiracy theory.

The hardwired approach has become less popular as computers have evolved as at one time, control units for CPUs were ad-hoc logic, and they were difficult to design.

All of the logic functions of a calculator had been squeezed into the first " Calculator on a chip " integrated circuits in 1971, but this was leading edge technology of the time and yields were low and costs were high.

Computability studies what can be computed in principle, and has close ties to logic, while complexity studies the time taken by computations.

According to Husserl, this view of logic and mathematics accounted for the objectivity of a series of mathematical developments of his time, such as n-dimensional manifolds ( both Euclidean and non-Euclidean ), Hermann Grassmann's theory of extensions, William Rowan Hamilton's Hamiltonians, Sophus Lie's theory of transformation groups, and Cantor's set theory.

For example, he coined the programming phrase " two or more, use a for ," alluding to the rule of thumb that when you find yourself processing more than one instance of a data structure, it is time to consider encapsulating that logic inside a loop.

Better yet, thanks to logic, the most sophisticated expert systems are able to detect contradictions in user information or in the knowledge and can explain them clearly, revealing at the same time the expert's knowledge and way of thinking.

It uses digital logic to count the number of cycles during a time interval established by a precision quartz time base.

A domain in which the door is closed, the light is off, and the door is opened at time 1 can be directly represented in logic by the following formulae:

There are two theories of temporal logic, the " state and time " approach, and the " time interval " approach ".

The i387 math coprocessor was not ready in time for the introduction of the 80386, and so many of the early 80386 motherboards instead provided a socket and hardware logic to make use of an 80287.

One of the most significant logicians of all time, Gödel made an immense impact upon scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century, a time when many, such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead and David Hilbert, were pioneering the use of logic and set theory to understand the foundations of mathematics.

Depending on the context, the term may refer to an ideal logic gate, one that has for instance zero rise time and unlimited fan-out, or it may refer to a non-ideal physical device.

These " mask programmed " parts have the program laid down in the same way as the logic of the chip, at the same time.

" In this kind of logic, the statements an observer can make about the universe are divided into at least three groups: those that we can judge to be true, those that we can judge to be false and those whose truth we cannot decide upon at the present time " ( page 28 ).

For some alternate conceptions of what constitutes an algorithm see functional programming and logic programming.

In computer systems, an algorithm is basically an instance of logic written in software by software developers to be effective for the intended " target " computer ( s ), in order for the target machines to produce output from given input ( perhaps null ).

In mathematics, particularly theoretical computer science and mathematical logic, the computable numbers, also known as the recursive numbers or the computable reals, are the real numbers that can be computed to within any desired precision by a finite, terminating algorithm.

The asks for an algorithm that takes as input a statement of a first-order logic ( possibly with a finite number of axioms beyond the usual axioms of first-order logic ) and answers " Yes " or " No " according to whether the statement is universally valid, i. e., valid in every structure satisfying the axioms.

By the completeness theorem of first-order logic, a statement is universally valid if and only if it can be deduced from the axioms, so the can also be viewed as asking for an algorithm to decide whether a given statement is provable from the axioms using the rules of logic.

Therefore the start address of the data should be shifted such that this logic can be implemented avoiding unnecessary +/- 1 offsets in the coded algorithm.

Propositional logic is much less expressive but highly consistent and complete and can efficiently produce inferences with minimal algorithm complexity.

This makes 2-4 trees an important tool for understanding the logic behind red – black trees, and this is why many introductory algorithm texts introduce 2-4 trees just before red – black trees, even though 2-4 trees are not often used in practice.

SNOBOL4 pattern-matching uses a backtracking algorithm similar to that used in the logic programming language Prolog, which provides pattern-like constructs via DCGs.

This algorithm makes it easier to use SNOBOL as a logic programming language than is the case for most languages.

Despite its simplicity, a Turing machine can be adapted to simulate the logic of any computer algorithm, and is particularly useful in explaining the functions of a CPU inside a computer.

The thesis states that Turing machines indeed capture the informal notion of effective method in logic and mathematics, and provide a precise definition of an algorithm or ' mechanical procedure '.

Hoare's most significant work has been in the following areas: his sorting algorithm ( Quicksort ), Hoare logic, the formal language Communicating Sequential Processes ( CSP ) used to specify the interactions between concurrent processes, structuring computer operating systems using the monitor concept, and the axiomatic specification of programming languages.

It is interdisciplinary in nature, borrowing, adapting and enhancing method and theory from numerous other disciplines such as computer science ( e. g. algorithm and software design, database design and theory ), geoinformation science ( spatial statistics and modeling, geographic information systems ), artificial intelligence research ( supervised classification, fuzzy logic ), ecology ( point pattern analysis ), applied mathematics ( graph theory, probability theory ) and statistics.

The control logic has to allocate these connections, and the basic method is the algorithm already discussed.

BAN logic, and logics in the same family, are decidable: there exists an algorithm taking BAN hypotheses and a purported conclusion, and that answers whether or not the conclusion is derivable from the hypotheses.

* Quine-McCluskey algorithm, an algorithm for minimizing two-level logic

The HP-9100 series was built entirely from discrete transistor logic with no integrated circuits, and was one of the first uses of the CORDIC algorithm for trigonometric computation in a personal computing device, as well as the first calculator based on reverse Polish notation entry.

A randomized algorithm is an algorithm which employs a degree of randomness as part of its logic.

Shahid Rahman and Tero Tulenheimo developed an algorithm to transform GTS-winning strategies for classical logic into the dialogical winning strategies and vice-versa.

However, expressing these properties as axioms requires use of second-order logic.

The process of writing source code often requires expertise in many different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms and formal logic.

A logic gate requires both a p-FET and an n-FET.

TV-guides tend to list nightly programs at the previous day, although programming a VCR requires the strict logic of starting the new day at 00: 00 ( to further confuse the issue, VCRs set to the 12-hour clock notation will label this " 12: 00 AM ").

Most general purpose functional programming languages allow unrestricted recursion and are Turing complete, which makes the halting problem undecidable, can cause unsoundness of equational reasoning, and generally requires the introduction of inconsistency into the logic expressed by the language's type system.

Aristotle's assertion that "... it will not be possible to be and not to be the same thing ", which would be written in propositional logic as ¬ ( P ∧ ¬ P ), is a statement modern logicians could call the law of excluded middle ( P ∨ ¬ P ), as distribution of the negation of Aristotle's assertion makes them equivalent, regardless that the former claims that no statement is both true and false, while the latter requires that any statement is either true or false.

First-order logic requires at least one additional rule of inference in order to obtain completeness.

This refers primarily to whether each microinstruction directly controls CPU elements ( horizontal microcode ), or requires subsequent decoding by combinatorial logic before doing so ( vertical microcode ).

The syntactic approach requires much less logic and model theory to understand and use.

In electrical engineering terms, for digital logic and data transfer, a synchronous object requires a clock signal.

Current ccNUMA systems are multiprocessor systems based on the AMD Opteron, which can be implemented without external logic, and Intel Itanium, which requires the chipset to support NUMA.

But, if the question is inherently required by the concept of omnipotence, then it seems the logic which allows it to be inherently required is a paradox since the particular concept of omnipotence which requires it is a paradox.

In such a case, the embedded system design may wish to check the data traffic on the busses between the processor cores, which requires very low-level debugging, at signal / bus level, with a logic analyzer, for instance.

Physicist Aaron D. O ' Connell explains that understanding our universe, at such small scales as atoms, requires a different logic than day to day life.

It is faster than the other common legacy port ( serial port ) and requires no serial-to-parallel converter, and requires far less interface logic and software than a USB target interface.

This shift is largely because ASIC devices are capable of integrating such large blocks of system functionality and " system-on-a-chip " requires far more than just logic blocks.

When the quantum properties of gravity are not disregarded, spacetime itself becomes a quantum object, and therefore the usual logic of conventional quantum field theory, which requires the existence of a well defined classical geometry, does not work anymore.

This digital logic, being asynchronous, runs at full speed of transistor propagation and requires no clocks.

ECL's major disadvantage is that each gate continuously draws current, which means it requires ( and dissipates ) significantly more power than those of other logic families, especially when quiescent.

This requires adding logic for the application to function correctly.

* Using sign-magnitude representation requires only complementing the sign bit of the subtrahend and adding, but the addition / subtraction logic needs to compare the sign bits, complement one of the inputs if they are different, implement an end-around carry, and complement the result if there was no carry from the most significant bit.

Discussion requires the learners to think critically on the subject matter and use logic to evaluate their and others ' positions.

This rule can be expressed in standard logic either by “ all birds fly ”, which is inconsistent with the fact that penguins do not fly, or by “ all birds that are not penguins and not ostriches and ... fly ”, which requires all exceptions to the rule to be specified.