People tend to be less cooperative if they perceive that the frequency of helpers in the population is lower.

Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup Y is otherwise found mainly among Nivkhs, and with lower frequency among Tungusic peoples, Koreans, Mongols ( including Kalmyks and Buryats ), Chinese, Japanese, Central Asians, South Siberian Turkic peoples ( e. g. Tuvans, Todjins, Soyots ), Koryaks, Alyutors, Itelmens, Taiwanese aborigines, Filipinos, Indonesians, and Malaysians.

Haplogroup M7a has been found elsewhere mainly among Japanese and Ryukyuans, and with lower frequency among Udegeys, Koreans, Chinese, Filipinos, Taiwanese aborigines, Buryats, Central Asians, and Waars of the Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya, India.

* having ( in most cases ) a lower frequency of service

Compared to rapid transit ( or metro rail ), commuter / suburban rail has lower frequency, following a schedule rather than fixed intervals, and fewer stations spaced further apart.

When the tension is increased, the amplitude of the sound is reduced and the frequency is increased, making the pitch higher and the volume lower.

The waves " stretch apart ", so the time between the arrival of successive wave-fronts is increased slightly, giving them a lower frequency.

The received frequency is higher ( compared to the emitted frequency ) during the approach, it is identical at the instant of passing by, and it is lower during the recession.

He confirmed that the sound's pitch was higher than the emitted frequency when the sound source approached him, and lower than the emitted frequency when the sound source receded from him.

The interface uses double pumping ( transferring data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal ) to lower the clock frequency.

Product mixers can either up-convert or down-convert an input signal frequency, but they are more commonly used to down-convert to a lower frequency to allow for simpler filter designs, as done in superheterodyne receivers.

For the same reason, filter functions whose critical response is at lower frequencies ( compared to the sampling frequency 1 / T ) require a higher order, more computationally intensive FIR filter.

A harmonic is a frequency that is a whole number multiple of a lower register, or " fundamental " note of the flute.

Air core coils have lower inductance than ferromagnetic core coils, but are often used at high frequencies because they are free from energy losses called core losses that occur in ferromagnetic cores, which increase with frequency.

Infrared spectroscopy ( IR spectroscopy ) is the spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, that is light with a longer wavelength and lower frequency than visible light.

When certain compounds are illuminated with high energy light, they emit light of a different, lower frequency.

In radio communications, cable TV systems or the public switched telephone network for instance, electrical signals can only be transferred over a limited passband frequency spectrum, with specific ( non-zero ) lower and upper cutoff frequencies.

In this case the carrier frequency is typically in the same order or much lower than the modulating waveform.

In the related magnetosphere science, the lower frequency electromagnetic oscillations ( pulsations occurring below ~ 3 Hz ) are considered to lie in the ULF range, which is thus also defined differently from the ITU Radio Bands.

More generally, where an observer detects electromagnetic radiation outside the visible spectrum, " redder " amounts to a technical shorthand for " increase in electromagnetic wavelength " — which also implies lower frequency and photon energy in accord with, respectively, the wave and quantum theories of light.

A superparamagnetic system will show a characteristic frequency dependence: When the frequency is much higher than 1 / τ < sub > N </ sub >, there will be a different magnetic response than when the frequency is much lower than 1 / τ < sub > N </ sub >, since in the latter case, but not the former, the ferromagnetic clusters will have time to respond to the field by flipping their magnetization.

Similarly, on the regional channels many class 3, stations have been assigned either to operate daytime only or to operate nighttime with directional antennas and/or lower power.

In receiving antennas this reduces reception of ground noise, resulting in a lower antenna noise temperature.

However, the early development of radio was limited to lower frequencies at which parabolic antennas were unsuitable, and they were not widely used until after World War 2, when microwave frequencies began to be exploited.

Some radio hams record ELF ( or even lower ) signals from very large homemade antennas, and play them back at higher speeds to catch natural fluctuations in the Earth's electromagnetic field.

The lower floor of the mast is for the adjustment of public users ' telecommunication antennas and the three upper floors are devoted to the antenna of radio and television organisation of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

This tower type is a partially guyed tower, which combines a lower free standing tower antennas with an upper guyed mast.

Because of shorter wavelengths, the band permits the use of smaller antennas than would be required for similar circumstances in the lower bands, to achieve the same high directivity and high gain.

Since a greater number of highly directive antennas can be placed in a given area than less directive antennas, the net result is higher reuse of the spectrum, and higher density of users, as compared to lower frequencies.

With an overall height of 279, 2 m ( 916 ft ) it is Hamburg's tallest building ; it comprises a 204 m ( 670 ft ) steel-enforced concrete lower section, topped by a 45 m ( 148 ft ) steel-lattice tower and a three-segmented cylinder of about 30 m ( 98 ft ), which supports various antennas.

In metropolitan areas where traffic data are most needed the distance between antennas is lower and thus the accuracy increases.

By late 1943, the Luftwaffe was starting to deploy the greatly improved FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2, operating on a longer-wavelength of 90 MHz ( lower end of the US VHF FM broadcast band ) frequency which was far less affected by electronic jamming, but this required the much larger Hirschgeweih ( stag's antlers ) antennas, with only eight dipole elements, looking like a much-enlarged version of what occupied the forward end of each one of the earlier quadruple Matratze masts.

However, very high antennas with high gain have shown 33 centimeters can provide good long range communications almost equal to systems on lower frequencies such as the 70 centimeter band.

To that end the tower was equipped with two parabolic dish antennas, each in diameter, which were mounted on the lower portion of the tower.

* Antenna ( Some antennas for lower frequencies are similar to overhead power lines )

Radio transmitters are housed in the lower part of the concrete tower with antennas attached to the steel spike.

Small loop antennas are much less than a wavelength in size, and are mainly ( but not always ) used as receiving antennas at lower frequencies.

As with all small loops, loopstick antennas are most practical at lower frequencies such as the medium-wave ( 520 – 1610 kHz ) and long-wave ( 150 – 300 kHz ) AM broadcast bands, using ferrite materials which are not too lossy at these frequencies.

On this there was the antenna mast with antennas for FM ( lower part ) and TV ( upper part ) broadcasting.

To Serenissimus such tribes as the Cossacks of the Don or those ex-bandits the Zaporogian Cossacks ( in whose islands along the lower Dnieper the Polish novelist Sienkiewicz would one day place With Fire And Sword ) were just elements for enforced resettlement in, say, Bessarabia, where, as `` the faithful of the Black Sea borders '', he could use their presence as bargaining points in the Czarina's territorial claims against Turkey.

The Af layers are stacked normal to the ( 111 ) axis with the lower oxygens of one layer directly above the upper oxygens of the neighboring lower layer, in such a manner that the repeat is every three layers.

The measure allows such companies in those years to apply their mineral depletion allowances to 50% of the value of the finished products rather than the lower value of raw clay alone.

An appeal " by leave " or " permission " requires the appellant to obtain leave to appeal ; in such a situation either or both of the lower court and the appellate court may have the discretion to grant or refuse the appellant's demand to appeal the lower court's decision.

The appellate court will typically be deferential to the lower court's findings of fact ( such as whether a defendant committed a particular act ), unless clearly erroneous, and so will focus on the court's application of the law to those facts ( such as whether the act found by the court to have occurred fits a legal definition at issue ).

In such a proceeding, all issues and evidence may be developed newly, as though never heard before, and one is not restricted to the evidence heard in the lower proceeding.

In structure, Johnson points out the same central theme, that of cannibalism and the eating of babies as well as the same final argument, that " human depravity is such that men will attempt to justify their own cruelty by accusing their victims of being lower than human.

Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of, and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations.

For example, amateur athletes in sports such as basketball, baseball or football are regarded as having a lower level of ability than professional athletes.

The harbour of Mobile was formed by the drowning of the lower part of the valley of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers as a result of the sinking of the land here, such sinking having occurred on other parts of the Gulf coast.

To study such phenomena, scientists have worked to obtain even lower temperatures.

In many parts of the world, acropoleis became the nuclei of large cities of classical antiquity, such as ancient Rome, which in more recent times grew up on the surrounding lower ground, such as modern Rome.

Clearly there is always at least one such string for any n, as otherwise all possible strings ( infinitely many ) could be generated by the ( finitely many ) programs with lower complexity, so GenerateComplexString must always return.

However, in 2004, Maher concluded that " Physical treatments, such as acupuncture, backschool, hydrotherapy, lumbar supports, magnets, TENS, traction, ultrasound, Pilates therapy, Feldenkrais therapy, Alexander technique, and craniosacral therapy are either of unknown value or ineffective and so should not be considered " when treating lower back pain with an evidence-based approach.

Aortic pressure is highest at the aorta and becomes less pulsatile and lower pressure as blood vessels divide into arteries, arterioles, and capillaries such that flow is slow and smooth for gases and nutrient exchange.

At these lower speeds, ATM provides a useful ability to carry multiple logical circuits on a single physical or virtual medium, although other techniques exist, such as Multi-link PPP and Ethernet VLANs, which are optional in VDSL implementations.

* The lower Valdarno, with the valley of important tributaries such as the Pesa, Elsa and Era and in which, after Pontedera, the Arno flows into the Ligurian Sea.

At the semi-enclosed bays with major freshwater inflows, such as head of Finnish Gulf with Neva mouth and head of Bothnian gulf with close mouths of Lule, Tornio and Kemi, the salinity is considerably lower.

ASCII included the distinction of upper and lower case alphabets and a set of control characters to facilitate the transmission of written language as well as printing device functions, such as page advance and line feed, and the physical or logical control of data flow over the transmission media.

The arguments for this generally rely on crude mechanical reasoning, such as claiming that a lower tension string bed is more bouncy and therefore provides more power.