Lorentz and Fitzgerald offered within the framework of Lorentz ether theory a more elegant solution to how the motion of an absolute aether could be undetectable ( length contraction ), but if their equations were correct, the new special theory of relativity ( 1905 ) could generate the same mathematics without referring to an aether at all.

Roger Penrose contends that the foundations of mathematics can't be understood absent the Platonic view that " mathematical truth is absolute, external and eternal, and not based on man-made criteria ... mathematical objects have a timeless existence of their own ..."

Combining his interests in mathematics and theology, he compared the Christian trinity of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost with the three dimensions of space, and was attracted to the Hebrew conception of God as an absolute unity.

In mathematics, the surreal number system is an arithmetic continuum containing the real numbers as well as infinite and infinitesimal numbers, respectively larger or smaller in absolute value than any positive real number.

Theology was also affected by the change from absolute truth to relative truth in mathematics that was a result of this paradigm shift.

In mathematics, an infinite series of numbers is said to converge absolutely ( or to be absolutely convergent ) if the sum of the absolute value of the summand is finite of convergence.

The hue represents the Arg ( mathematics ) | complex argument, the luminance represents the absolute value.

Hence he and many of his pupils ( in particular Carl Stumpf and Edmund Husserl ) thought that the natural sciences could only yield hypotheses and never universal, absolute truths as in pure logic or mathematics.

In mathematics, the relationship between the two central operations of calculus, differentiation and integration, stated by fundamental theorem of calculus in the framework of Riemann integration, is generalized in several directions, using Lebesgue integration and absolute continuity.

In mathematics, the maximum and minimum ( plural: maxima and minima ) of a function, known collectively as extrema ( singular: extremum ), are the largest and smallest value that the function takes at a point either within a given neighborhood ( local or relative extremum ) or on the function domain in its entirety ( global or absolute extremum ).

‘ In the pure mathematics we contemplate absolute truths which existed in the divine mind before the morning stars sang together, and which will continue to exist there when the last of their radiant host shall have fallen from heaven .’

The percentile equality does not, however, mean that the absolute level of a laudatur student in the advanced mathematics in Finland is equal to that of an 800 SAT student in the USA, due to differences in the mean quality of the population.

In mathematics, the spectral radius of a square matrix or a bounded linear operator is the supremum among the absolute values of the elements in its spectrum, which is sometimes denoted by ρ (·).

In mathematics, the circle group, denoted by T, is the multiplicative group of all complex numbers with absolute value 1, i. e., the unit circle in the complex plane.

In mathematics, a Pisot – Vijayaraghavan number, also called simply a Pisot number or a PV number, is a real algebraic integer greater than 1 such that all its Galois conjugates are less than 1 in absolute value.

" The voluntarist emphasis on God's absolute power was carried further by Descartes, who notoriously held that God had freely created the eternal truths of logic and mathematics, and that God was therefore capable of giving circles unequal radii, giving triangles other than 180 internal degrees, and even making contradictions true.

* Place ( mathematics ), an equivalence class of absolute values of an integral domain or field

In mathematics, a real algebraic integer α > 1 is a Salem number if all its conjugate roots have absolute value no greater than 1, and at least one has absolute value exactly 1.

Cournot believed that economists must utilize the tools of mathematics only to establish probable limits and to express less stable facts in more absolute terms.

In mathematics, a dessin d ' enfant ( French for a " child's drawing ", plural dessins d ' enfants, " children's drawings ") is a type of graph drawing used to study Riemann surfaces and to provide combinatorial invariants for the action of the absolute Galois group of the rational numbers.

In linear algebra and related areas of mathematics a balanced set, circled set or disk in a vector space ( over a field K with an absolute value |.|) is a set S so that for all scalars α with | α | ≤ 1

Hendrik Lorentz and George Francis FitzGerald offered within the framework of Lorentz ether theory a more elegant solution to how the motion of an absolute aether could be undetectable ( length contraction ), but if their equations were correct, Albert Einstein's 1905 special theory of relativity could generate the same mathematics without referring to an aether at all.

In mathematics, bounded functions are functions for which there exists a lower bound and an upper bound, in other words, a constant which is larger than the absolute value of any value of this function.

In the new situation, philosophy is able to provide the social sciences with the same guidance that mathematics offers the physical sciences, a reservoir of logical relations that can be used in framing hypotheses having explanatory and predictive value.

* A macroscopic change in the value of a variable in mathematics or science

The geometric mean, in mathematics, is a type of mean or average, which indicates the central tendency or typical value of a set of numbers.

Chinese mathematics made early contributions, including a place value system.

In mathematics, an identity function, also called identity map or identity transformation, is a function that always returns the same value that was used as its argument.

This value is often calculated as the dominant eigenvalue of the age / size class matrix ( mathematics ).

In logic and mathematics, a two-place logical operator and, also known as logical conjunction, results in true if both of its operands are true, otherwise the value of false.

Though it is true that mathematics finds diverse applications in many areas of research, a mathematician does not determine the value of an idea by the diversity of its applications.

In mathematics, modular arithmetic ( sometimes called clock arithmetic ) is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers " wrap around " upon reaching a certain value — the modulus.

* Null ( mathematics ), a zero value in several branches of mathematics

Human language and discourse, communication, philosophy, science, logic, mathematics, poetry, theology, and religion are only some of fields of human study and activity where grasping the nature of signs and symbols and patterns of signification may have a decisive value.

In mathematics, x is commonly used as the name for an independent variable or unknown value.

In mathematics, big O notation is used to describe the limiting behavior of a function when the argument tends towards a particular value or infinity, usually in terms of simpler functions.

In mathematics, probability, and statistics, a multivariate random variable or random vector is a list of mathematical variables each of whose values is unknown, either because the value has not yet occurred or because there is imperfect knowledge of its value.

In mathematics, an average is a measure of the " middle " or " typical " value of a data set.

In mathematics, a constant term is a term in an algebraic expression that has a value that is constant or cannot change, because it does not contain any modifiable variables.

Hardy regards as " pure " the kinds of mathematics that are independent of the physical world, but also considers some " applied " mathematicians, such as the physicists Maxwell and Einstein, to be among the " real " mathematicians, whose work " has permanent aesthetic value " and " is eternal because the best of it may, like the best literature, continue to cause intense emotional satisfaction to thousands of people after thousands of years.

This episode proved the norm ; time and again, leading figures of Grassmann's day failed to recognize the value of his mathematics.