Interphase is followed by meiosis I and then meiosis II.

The two cells resulting from meiosis I divide during meiosis II, creating 4 haploid daughter cells.

Therefore, meiosis includes the stages of meiosis I ( prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I ), and meiosis II ( prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II ).

Meiosis is divided into meiosis I and meiosis II which are further divided into Karyokinesis I and Cytokinesis I & Karyokinesis II and Cytokinesis II respectively.

The mature sporophyte produces spores by a process called meiosis, sometimes referred to as " reduction division " because the chromosome pairs are separated once again to form single sets.

Male progeny prove that Flora's unfertilized eggs were haploid ( n ) and doubled their chromosomes later to become diploid ( 2n ) ( by being fertilized by a polar body, or by chromosome duplication without cell division ), rather than by her laying diploid eggs by one of the meiosis reduction-divisions in her ovaries failing.

Whilst the process of meiosis bears a number of similarities with the ' life-cycle ' cell division process of mitosis, it differs in two important respects:

Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, producing two haploid cells ( N chromosomes, 23 in humans ), so meiosis I is referred to as a reductional division.

In another type of cell division present only in eukaryotes, called meiosis, a cell is permanently transformed into a gamete and may not divide again until fertilization.

The explanation for this phenomenon is that male carriers pass on their premutation to all of their daughters, with the length of the FMR1 CGG repeat typically not increasing during meiosis, the cell division that is required to produce sperm.

Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division, either during mitosis, or commonly during metaphase I in meiosis.

Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division and by exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses, or can occur deliberately under cellular control during the processes such as meiosis or hypermutation.

A chromatid is one of the two copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome, which are joined at their centromeres, for the process of cell division ( mitosis or meiosis ).

Somatic cells, or normal diploid cells of the body, go through mitosis in order to reproduce themselves through cell division, whereas diploid germ cells ( i. e., primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes ) go through meiosis in order to create haploid gametes ( i. e., sperm and ova ) for the purpose of sexual reproduction.

Homologous chromosomes pair ( synapse ) during meiosis — the cell division that occurs as part of the creation of gametes.

To return to a haploid stage, meiosis must occur ( see Cell division ).

FSH stimulates primary spermatocytes to undergo the first division of meiosis, to form secondary spermatocytes.

There, they undergo cell division of two types, mitosis and meiosis, followed by cellular differentiation into mature gametes, either eggs or sperm.

In human females there is proliferation of the oogonia in the fetus, meiosis starts then before birth and stands by at meiotic division I up to 50 years, ovulation begins at puberty.

It is important to distinguish between chromosomal translocations occurring in gametogenesis, due to errors in meiosis, and translocations which occur in cellular division of somatic cells, due to errors in mitosis.

Eukaryotic cell division either involves mitosis or a more complex process called meiosis.

Mitosis and meiosis are sometimes called the two " nuclear division " processes.

During meiosis, there are two cell division steps that together produce the four daughter cells.

The meiosis division turns the original diploid zygote nucleus into four haploid ones.

Three types of cell division: binary fision ( taking place in prokaryote s ), mitosis and meiosis ( taking place in eukaryotic cell | eukaryote s ).

Two decades later, Barbara McClintock and Harriet Creighton demonstrated that chromosomal crossover occurs during meiosis, the process of cell division by which sperm and egg cells are made.

They produce pollen and ovules by meiosis, in a similar way to animals.

The term is used to describe the relationship of similar chromosomes that pair at mitosis and meiosis.

In allopolyploids, the homologous chromosomes within each parental sub-genome should pair faithfully during meiosis, leading to disomic inheritance ; however in some allopolyploids, the homoeologous chromosomes of the parental genomes may be nearly as similar to one another as the homologous chromosomes, leading to tetrasomic inheritance ( four chromosomes pairing at meiosis ), intergenomic recombination, and reduced fertility.

A similar lack of meiosis was found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae altered to use the same genetic code as C. albicans.

The diploid adult plant produces haploid spores by meiosis, these settle and grow to form haploid male and female plants similar to the diploid plants.

They do this by uncoupling similar DNA sequences from gene conversion during meiosis.

During meiosis, homologous recombination can produce new combinations of genes as shown here between homologous chromosome | similar but not identical copies of human chromosome 1 ( human ) | chromosome 1.

In meiosis, however, the recipient DNA tends to be from a similar but not necessarily identical homologous chromosome.

The ookinete then transforms into an oocyst and divides initially by meiosis and then by mitosis ( haplontic life cycle ) to give rise to the sporozoites.

Compaction of the duplicated chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis results in the classic four-arm structure ( pictured to the right ).

The primary functions of chromatin are: to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis and prevent DNA damage, and to control gene expression and DNA replication.

As the cell prepares to divide, i. e. enters mitosis or meiosis, the chromatin packages more tightly to facilitate segregation of the chromosomes during anaphase.

# Higher-level DNA packaging of the 30 nm fibre into the metaphase chromosome ( during mitosis and meiosis ).

During mitosis and meiosis, the condensed chromosomes are assembled through interactions between nucleosomes and other regulatory proteins.

* the chromosomes in meiosis undergo a recombination which shuffles the genes producing a different genetic combination in each gamete, compared with the co-existence of each of the two separate pairs of each chromosome ( one received from each parent ) in each cell which results from mitosis.

* the outcome of meiosis is four ( genetically unique ) haploid cells, compared with the two ( genetically identical ) diploid cells produced from mitosis.

Because meiosis is a " one-way " process, it cannot be said to engage in a cell cycle as mitosis does.

Nondisjunction can occur in the meiosis I or meiosis II, phases of cellular reproduction, or during mitosis.

* Spindle assembly checkpoint, a mechanism of mitosis or meiosis

* multiple copies of the same sequence, such as Alu sequences can hinder precise chromosomal pairing during mitosis and meiosis, resulting in unequal crossovers, one of the main reasons for chromosome duplication.

The protuberance thus formed enlarges rapidly while at this time the nucleus of the parent cell divides ( see: mitosis, meiosis ).

The discovery of mitosis, meiosis and chromosomes is regarded as one of the 100 most important scientific discoveries of all times ,< ref >

Sporangia can produce spores by mitosis, but in nearly all land plants and many fungi, sporangia are the site of meiosis and produce genetically distinct haploid spores.

Anaphase, from the ancient Greek ἀνά ( up ) and φάσις ( stage ), is the stage of mitosis or meiosis when chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell.

It usually initiates during the late stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next.

It is also referred to as the mitotic spindle during mitosis or the meiotic spindle during meiosis.

When they separate ( during anaphase of mitosis and anaphase 2 of meiosis ), the strands are called daughter chromosomes ( although having the same genetic mass as the individual chromatids that made up its parent, the daughter " molecules " are still referred to as chromosomes much as one child is not referred to as a single twin ).