In the literary sources, Merfyn's name appears in the Dialogue between Myrddin and his sister Gwenddydd (), found in the mid-13th-century manuscript known as the Red Book of Hergest.

A new take on Catharism in Languedoc — argues against any kind of doctrinal unity of mid-13th-century Cathars.

Bertram de Crioill was a mid-13th-century Englishman who served as Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports.

The law was continually revised and updated, sometimes by rulers but usually by jurists, so that the provisions of the law in a mid-13th-century manuscript should not be considered as evidence of what the law was in the mid-10th century.

The rise of the giant corporations in Western Europe and the United States dates from the period 1880-1900.

In recent years America's partners and friends in Western Europe and Japan have made great economic progress.

While it is hazardous to project the trend of history, it seems clear that a genuine community is painfully emerging in the Western world, particularly among the countries of Western Europe.

It may well be that the unification of Europe will prove inadequate, that the survival of free society will require nothing less than the confederation of the entire Western world.

Besides its historical significance as a break with the centuries-old tradition of British insularity, Britain's move, if successful, will constitute an historic landmark of the first importance in the movement toward the unification of Europe and the Western world.

It is quite evident that the people of Western Europe are overwhelmingly opposed to participation in a nuclear war.

Other similar affirmations in the Declaration on Liberated Europe seemed to assure democratic institutions on the Western model.

Each time his objective had been the same -- a direct water passage from Western Europe to the Far East.

This is an area nearly as large as Western Europe ; ;

At war's end leadership in Western Europe passed from Britain because the Labour Government devoted its attention to the creation of a welfare state.

Anthropology as it emerged amongst the Western colonial powers ( mentioned above ) has generally taken a different path than that in the countries of southern and central Europe ( Italy, Greece, and the successors to the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires ).

Alchemists contributed distillation to Western Europe.

The Industrial Revolution in Western Europe and North America, but perhaps most especially in Great Britain and in New England, led to a proliferation of manufacturing and invention.

Medieval-A highly religious art beginning in the 5th Century in Western Europe.

His appeals to Western Europe for help against the Turks were also the catalyst that triggered the Crusades.

Phage therapy was in use in the 1920s and 1930s in the US, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe.

The best selling model, the Amiga 500, was introduced in 1987 and became the leading home computer of the late 1980s and early 1990s in much of Western Europe.

According to Plato, Atlantis was a naval power lying " in front of the Pillars of Hercules " that conquered many parts of Western Europe and Africa 9, 000 years before the time of Solon, or approximately 9600 BC.

For example the United States uses NTSC-M, the UK uses PAL-I, France uses SECAM-L, much of Western Europe and Australia uses PAL-B / G, most of Eastern Europe uses PAL-D / K or SECAM-D / K and so on.

Beneath the Arc is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I. Interred here on Armistice Day 1920, it has the first eternal flame lit in Western and Eastern Europe since the Vestal Virgins ' fire was extinguished in the fourth century.

In 1867 he was the first Ottoman sultan to visit Western Europe ; his trip included a visit to the United Kingdom, where he was made a Knight of the Garter by Queen Victoria and shown a Royal Navy Fleet Review with Ismail of Egypt.

In the Middle Ages, regicide was rare in Western Europe, but it was a recurring theme in the Eastern Roman Empire.

While 2 November remained the liturgical celebration, in time the entire month of November became associated in the Western Catholic tradition with prayer for the departed ; lists of names of those to be remembered being placed in the proximity of the altar on which the sacrifice of the mass is offered.

View of the prayer hall of the Mosque of Uqba | Great Mosque of Kairouan ( also called the Mosque of Uqba ) considered as the oldest place of worship in the Western Islamic World, it is located in the city of Kairouan in Tunisia.

Most of these are slight differences in the wording of the prayers ; for instance, Oriental Sephardic and some Hasidic prayer books state " חננו מאתך חכמה בינה ודעת ", " Graciously bestow upon us from You wisdom ( ḥochmah ), understanding ( binah ) and knowledge ( daat )", in allusion to the Kabbalistic sefirot of those names, while the Nusach Ashkenaz, as well as Western Sephardic and other Hasidic versions retain the older wording " חננו מאתך דעה בינה והשכל ", " Graciously bestow upon us from You knowledge, understanding, and reason ".

Because Muslim authorities refused to permit Jewish prayer on the Temple Mount, the custom developed of praying near the Western Wall, since it was the site nearest to the Foundation Stone, or on the Mount of Olives facing the site of the Temple.

The Scroll of Ahimaaz, written in 1050 CE, distinctly describes the Western Wall as a place of prayer for the Jews.

Before the 12th century, the intellectual life of Western Europe had been largely relegated to monasteries, which were mostly concerned with performing the liturgy and prayer ; relatively few monasteries could boast true intellectuals.

The prayer is also used by some Anglicans as well as by many other groups within the Western Catholic tradition of Christianity.

The Western version of the prayer is thus not derived from the Greek version: even the earliest Western forms have no trace of the Greek version's phrases: " Mother of God and Virgin " and " for thou hast given birth to the Saviour of our souls.

Vespers is the sunset evening prayer service in the Western Catholic, Eastern ( Byzantine ) Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran liturgies of the canonical hours.

In Western Christianity, the Magnificat is most often sung or recited during the main evening prayer service: Vespers within Roman Catholicism and Lutheranism, and Evening Prayer ( or Evensong ) within Anglicanism.

Some Reformed churches — notably the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) and the United Church of Christ — have published daily office books adapted from the ancient structure of morning and evening prayer in the Western church, usually revised for the purpose of inclusive language.

The lack of a coherent institution narrative in the Anaphora of Addai and Mari, which dates to apostolic times, has caused many Western Christians, and especially Roman Catholics, to doubt the validity of this anaphora, used extensively by the Assyrian Church of the East, as a prayer of consecration of the eucharistic elements.

In the liturgical calendar of the Western Christian churches, Ember days are four separate sets of three days within the same week — specifically, the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday — roughly equidistant in the circuit of the year, that were formerly set aside for fasting and prayer.

Muhammad alights, tethers Buraq to the Western Wall and performs prayer, where on God's command he is tested by Jibriel.

The physical position for Western Christian prayer that is thought of as typical today — kneeling, with hands clasped — originates from the commendation ceremony.

In Western Christianity, the Sanctus is sung ( or said ) as the final words of the Preface of the Eucharistic Prayer, the prayer of consecration of the bread and wine.

During the Middle Ages, the monastic traditions of both Western and Eastern Christianity moved beyond vocal prayer to Christian meditation.

In the Western Church, by the 6th century, Saint Benedict and Pope Gregory I had initiated the formal methods of scriptural prayer called Lectio Divina.

Western anthropologist Clarence Maloney reports being told by a Muslim cleric during his 1970s fieldwork in Maldives that for most Maldivians, Islam is " largely a matter of observing ablutions, fasting, and reciting incomprehensible Arabic prayer formulas.

Perpetual adoration of God by psalm and prayer has been a tradition among Christians since ancient times, e. g. in Eastern Christianity since the year 400 the Acoemetae monks kept up a divine service day and night and in Western Christianity the monks at the monastery of Agaunum performed perpetual prayers since its formation in 522 by King Sigismund.

According to local tradition and observations from Western travelers in the 19th-century, the prayer hall of the Monastery of Hilarion is currently occupied by the Mosque of al-Khidr.

In the early 1930s, its members disrupted a British-sponsored census, sounded the shofar in prayer at the Western Wall despite a British prohibition, held a protest rally when a British colonial official visited Tel Aviv, and tore down Nazi flags from German offices in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv.