While modern systems distinguish between offences against the " State " or " Community ", and offences against the " Individual ", the so-called penal law of ancient communities did not deal with " crimes " ( Latin: crimina ), but with " wrongs " ( Latin: delicta ).

But only when a more centralized English monarchy emerged following the Norman invasion, and when the kings of England attempted to assert power over the land and its peoples, did the modern concept emerge, namely of a crime not only as an offence against the " individual ", but also as a wrong against the " State ".

In time, projects were devised in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere. The modern Erie Canal has 34 locks, which are painted with the blue and gold colors of the New York State Canal System.

While the Rising and its leaders continued to be venerated by Irish republicans — including members and supporters of the Provisional IRA and the modern Sinn Féin — with murals in republican areas of Belfast and other towns celebrating the actions of Pearse and his comrades, and a number of parades held annually in remembrance of the Rising, the Irish government discontinued its annual parade in Dublin in the early 1970s, and in 1976 it took the unprecedented step of proscribing ( under the Offences against the State Act ) a 1916 commemoration ceremony at the GPO organised by Sinn Féin and the Republican commemoration Committee.

Hanukkah is not mentioned in the Bible and was never considered a major holiday in Judaism, but it has become much more visible and widely celebrated in modern times, mainly because it falls around the same time as Christmas and has national Jewish overtones that have been emphasized since the establishment of the State of Israel.

It is still part of the modern day Republic of South Africa, now known as the Free State.

Being a modern, dynamic, flexible and highly skilled, composed of the national popular resource to maximize the operational aspect of the Bolivarian National Armed Force, through the integration of people organized under the constitutional principle of responsibility between the State and Society Aimed at ensuring the overall defense of the nation.

* based on varying interpretations of the Three Oaths, whether Zionism is part of Judaism or opposed to it, and defining the role of the modern State of Israel in Judaism

It is generally non-nationalistic and ambivalent towards the modern State of Israel.

In the first place, even in modern times, the State and the nation are never identical.

Finally, the modern indiscriminate advocacy of State administration conceals the fallacy that State officials must necessarily prove more effective in their action than private enterprise.

He was also enrolled at the State University, La Sapienza where he studied modern languages and history.

Fridell argues that scholars call the period 1868-1945 the " State Shinto period " because, " during these decades, Shinto elements came under a great deal of overt state influence and control as the Japanese government systematically utilized shrine worship as a major force for mobilizing imperial loyalties on behalf of modern nation-building.

The explanation generally given for this anomaly is that, following the demise of State Shinto, modern Shinto has reverted to its more traditional position as a traditional religion which is culturally ingrained, rather than enforced.

Accordingly, following the formation of the modern State of Israel there is some interest in restoring Eretz Yisrael traditions.

* December 30 – California's first modern freeway, the future State Route 110, opens to traffic in Pasadena, California, as the Arroyo Seco Parkway ( now the Pasadena Freeway ).

The Railroad had blasted and tunneled its way down the Weber River canyon to Ogden and around the north shore of the Great Salt Lake ( roughly paralleling modern Interstate 84 and State Route 30 ).

:“ Not in the slightest was concerned with minority rights as they are chiefly of interest to the modern liberal mind – the rights of dissenters to express unorthodox opinions, of the individual conscience against the State, least of all of ethnic minorities.

In modern Hebrew this contrasts with the term Yisraeli, a citizen of the modern State of Israel, regardless of religion or ethnicity ( English " Israeli ").

Jadis ' references to " reasons of State ", and her claim to own the people of Charn and be beyond morality, represent the eclipse of the medieval Christian belief in natural law by the political concept of sovereignty, as embodied first in royal absolutism and then in modern dictatorships.

The area encompassing modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, Czechia, eastern France, and much of northern Italy ( excluding Venice and Papal State ) was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, but local rulers exercised considerable autonomy.

The hill ( which was then unnamed ) is on the main road toward Canandaigua from Palmyra to Manchester ( modern State Route 21 ) and was only a few miles from Joseph Smith's home.

The initial concept was known as AppleBus, envisioning a system controlled by the host Macintosh polling " dumb " devices in a fashion similar to the modern Universal Serial Bus.

These were held in a powerful fortress called Genucla ( Isaccea, near modern Tulcea, Rom., in the Danube delta region ), controlled by Zyraxes, the local Getan petty king.

The first known European gambling house, not called a casino although meeting the modern definition, was the Ridotto, established in Venice, Italy in 1638 to provide controlled gambling during the carnival season.

This was succeeded by Chenla, which controlled large parts of modern Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand.

Disadvantages ( from the modern perspective ) are that space is used for a whole year, some nutrients might be leached due to exposure to rainfall, and disease producing organisms and insects may not be adequately controlled.

In the early modern period under the rule of the Amirs Abdur Rahman ( 1880-1901 ) and Habibullah ( 1901-1919 ), a great deal of Afghan commerce was centrally controlled by the Afghan government.

Finally, Minamoto Yoritomo ( 1147 – 1199 ) rose from his headquarters at Kamakura ( in the Kantō region, southwest of modern Tokyo ) to defeat the Taira, and with them the child emperor Emperor Antoku they controlled, in the Genpei War ( 1180 – 1185 ).

Considered by many to be the father of modern soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, Terzaghi developed the principle of effective stress, and demonstrated that the shear strength of soil is controlled by effective stress.

However, the concept of purebred bloodstock and a controlled, written breed registry only became of significant importance in modern times.

The Americo-Liberians never constituted more than five percent of the population of Liberia, yet they controlled key resources that allowed them to dominate the local native peoples: access to the ocean, modern technical skills, literacy and higher levels of education, and valuable relationships with many American institutions, including the American government.

Based on the idea that the Scots controlled much of modern Cumbria, it had been supposed that William Rufus's new castle at Carlisle and his settlement of English peasants in the surrounds was the cause.

The modern mining, farming, and industrial sectors of the economy, controlled by the white minority, have affected traditional African society without transforming it.

This angle and depth can be controlled automatically by modern tractors.

In addition to periods of direct rule by Egyptian governments ( including the Ayyubids, the Mamluks, the Muhammad Ali Dynasty, and the modern Egyptian republic ), it was like the rest of Egypt, also occupied and controlled by the Ottoman Empire, and the United Kingdom ( which occupied Egypt from 1882 until 1956 ).

On the Apple II, unlike modern computers that use standardized device drivers to manage device communications, the operating system directly controlled the step motor that moves the floppy drive head, and also directly interpreted the raw data called nibbles read from each track to find the data sectors.

The Alans occupy lands in Lusitania and the Suebi controlled parts of Gallaecia ( modern Portugal ).

The rulers of the Despotate at times controlled an area corresponding to mainland Greece west of the Pindus, much of modern Albania and at time parts of Macedonia and Thessaly.

The main topic of the modern age is the struggle against the Mafia and bandits like Salvatore Giuliano, who controlled the neighbouring area of Montelepre.

Until 1990, Albania was one of the world's most isolated and controlled countries, and installation and maintenance of a modern system of international and domestic telecommunications was precluded.

South-West Africa ( Afrikaans: Suidwes-Afrika ; German: Südwestafrika ) was the name that was used for the modern day Republic of Namibia during the earlier eras when the territory was controlled by the German Empire and later by South Africa.

* Britain is divided in the north, Lower Britain ( Britannia Inferior ) administered from the fortress at Eburacum ( modern York ), and in the south, Upper Britain ( Britannia Superior ) controlled by the legions at Deva Victrix and Isca Augusta, with its capital at Londinium ( London ).

For security and reliability reasons most modern operating systems prevent direct communication between independent processes, providing strictly mediated and controlled inter-process communication functionality.

Many believe vaccines are among the greatest achievements of modern medicine – in industrial nations, they have eliminated naturally occurring cases of smallpox, and nearly eliminated polio, while other diseases, such as typhus, rotavirus, hepatitis A and B and others are well controlled.

Many modern Western harps include levers, either directly moved by fingers ( on Celtic harps ) or controlled by foot pedals ( on orchestral harps ), to raise the pitch of individual strings by a fixed amount.